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该教程向你大概描述什么是虚拟硬盘,怎样和 Minecraft 使用,以及如何设置一个虚拟硬盘服务器。

虚拟硬盘描述

传统上,文件和文件夹储存在硬盘驱动器,但以今天的标准来看,普通数据的传输速度(80MB/秒 到 200MB/秒之间)的提升空间还很大。虚拟硬盘是一个虚拟的文件系统(不像硬盘那样是硬件),会把文件数据完全实时储存在计算机内存条里。它们的普通数据传输速度(3000MB/秒 到 15000MB/秒之间)非常高,但会失去稳定性(重启电脑数据就会丢失)以及空间(受系统安装内存条的数量限制,包括交换空间)。然而,有许多实用工具可以每隔一段时间备份虚拟硬盘里面的数据,以及在关机前备份,然后在系统启动时加载上次保存的数据。

优点和缺点

优点

  • 非常高的传输速度(从数据到应用)
  • 非常低的寻找时间(在文件之间搜索)

缺点

  • 在系统重启时会清除虚拟硬盘的数据
  • 如果世界尺寸大于内存条可用空间则很难实现

Why it makes sense for Minecraft servers

In a Minecraft server, one of the strongest bottlenecks are disk I/O related operations (e.g. chunk management). By moving the data into the RAM, access times will be near instant and data transfer rates will be significantly faster, making chunk loading and saving much faster operations. Since a Minecraft world currently consists of very many chunk files, seek time is equally, if not more, important for overall speed.

Basic Minecraft and ramdisk setup

Make sure to back up your files before starting!

GNU/Linux (Easy Way)

A simple way to load a minecraft server into a ramdisk was posted on the Aimless Bits blog [1] on March 12, 2011. It involves modifying the server startup script available on the wiki and making some minor changes to fstab. This guide fleshes out the process and makes some minor changes to Aimless Bits' script.

This quick guide assumes you have a user for loading minecraft, a minecraft directory and a server running. It also helps to be familiar with the /etc/init.d/minecraft startup script.

  • Firstly, start by creating a directory for the ramdisk in your home directory, i.e. "/home/username/minecraft_ramdisk".
  • To mount it as a ramdisk, simply edit your /etc/fstab/ file:
sudo nano /etc/fstab

Then add this line, making sure that the path is correct (username, dir name etc.)

tmpfs  /home/username/minecraft_ramdisk tmpfs  defaults,size=512m      0       0

The size of the ramdisk MUST be larger than the minecraft directory world. Make sure that you give yourself some overhead.

  • Restart your computer. The ramdisk will now be loaded every time you restart. If you wish to load immediately, type
mount -t tmpfs none /home/username/minecraft_ramdisk -o size=512m

It's now a matter of simply running a modified script that loads the files on the drive onto the server, copies them back on a timely basis to prevent data loss, and does backups. Again, this is a modified version of the script found at Aimless Bits.

If you have /etc/init.d/minecraft, delete it or overwrite it with this script. If you don't, make a new text file, call it minecraft, and copy this script into it.

#!/bin/bash
# /etc/init.d/minecraft
# version 0.6 2012-02-25 (YYYY-MM-DD)

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:   minecraft
# Required-Start: $local_fs $remote_fs
# Required-Stop:  $local_fs $remote_fs
# Should-Start:   $network
# Should-Stop:    $network
# Default-Start:  2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:   0 1 6
# Short-Description:    Minecraft server
# Description:    Starts the minecraft server
### END INIT INFO

#Settings
JARFILE='craftbukkit-beta_1.4.6-R0.3.jar'
USERNAME="minecraft"
MCSTORE="/home/$USERNAME/minecraft"
MCPATH="/home/$USERNAME/minecraft_ramdisk"
CPU_COUNT=1
INVOCATION="java -Xmx2048M -Xms2048M -server -jar $JARFILE -o false"
BACKUPPATH="/home/$USERNAME/minecraft_backups/"
WORLD=Asgarde


as_user() {
  if [ "`whoami`" == "$USERNAME" ] ; then
    bash -c "$1"
  else
    su - $USERNAME -c "$1"
  fi
}

mc_status() {
  ps aux |grep -F -v grep|grep -F -v SCREEN|grep -F --quiet $JARFILE
  return $?
}

mc_start() {
  if mc_status; then
    echo "Tried to start but $JARFILE was already running!"
  else
    echo "$JARFILE was not running... starting."
    if [ -d $MCSTORE/$WORLD.bak ]; then
      echo "last $WORLD.bak still exist, crashed warning! manual check required!!!"
      exit 1
    fi
    cd $MCPATH
    if [ ! -f "$MCPATH/$JARFILE" ]; then 
      echo "Ram drive empty...  prepping."
      as_user "cp -R $MCSTORE/* $MCPATH/"
    fi
    as_user "cd $MCPATH && screen -dmS minecraft $INVOCATION"
    sleep 7
    if mc_status; then
      echo "$JARFILE is now running."
    else
      echo "Could not start $JARFILE."
    fi
  fi
}

mc_saveoff() {
  if mc_status; then
    echo "$JARFILE is running... suspending saves"
    TO_SCREEN="screen -p 0 -S minecraft -X eval 'stuff "
    as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"say SERVER BACKUP STARTING. Server going readonly...\"\015'"
    as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"save-off\"\015'"
    as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"save-all\"\015'"
    sync
    sleep 10
  else
    echo "$JARFILE was not running. Not suspending saves."
  fi
}

mc_saveon() {
  if mc_status; then
    echo "$JARFILE is running... re-enabling saves"
    TO_SCREEN="screen -p 0 -S minecraft -X eval 'stuff "
    as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"save-on\"\015'"
    as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"say SERVER BACKUP ENDED. Server going read-write...\"\015'"
  else
    echo "$JARFILE was not running. Not resuming saves."
  fi
}

mc_stop() {
  if mc_status; then
    echo "$JARFILE is running... stopping."
    TO_SCREEN="screen -p 0 -S minecraft -X eval 'stuff "
    as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"say SERVER SHUTTING DOWN IN 5 SECONDS. Saving map...\"\015'"
    as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"save-all\"\015'"
    sleep 5
    as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"stop\"\015'"
    sleep 5
  else
    echo "$JARFILE was not running."
  fi

  if mc_status; then
    echo "$JARFILE could not be shut down... still running."
  else
    echo "$JARFILE is shut down."
  fi
}


mc_update() {
  if mc_status; then
    echo "$JARFILE is running! Will not start update."
  else
    MC_SERVER_URL=http://minecraft.net/`wget -q -O - http://www.minecraft.net/download.jsp | grep minecraft_server.jar\</a\> | cut -d \" -f 2`
    as_user "cd $MCPATH && wget -q -O $MCPATH/minecraft_server.jar.update $MC_SERVER_URL"
    if [ -f $MCPATH/minecraft_server.jar.update ]; then
      if `diff $MCPATH/$JARFILE $MCPATH/minecraft_server.jar.update >/dev/null`
     then 
       echo "You are already running the latest version of $JARFILE."
     else
       as_user "mv $MCPATH/minecraft_server.jar.update $MCPATH/$JARFILE"
       echo "Minecraft successfully updated."
      fi
    else
      echo "Minecraft update could not be downloaded."
    fi
  fi
}

mc_backup() {
   echo "Backing up minecraft files"
   as_user "tar zcf $BACKUPPATH/MCBKUP_`date "+%Y.%m.%d-%H"`.tar.gz $MCSTORE"
   echo "Backup complete"
}

mc_disksaverun() {
  if mc_status; then
    echo "Saving ramdrive to disk."
    if [ ! -f $MCPATH/$JARFILE ]; then
      echo "Error.. Minecraft not in ram"
    else
      if [ -d $MCSTORE/$WORLD.bak ]; then
        echo "last $WORLD.bak still exist, crashed warning! manual check required!!!"
        exit 1
      fi
      if [ -d $MCSTORE/$WORLD ]; then
        as_user "mv $MCSTORE/$WORLD $MCSTORE/$WORLD.bak"
      fi

      TO_SCREEN="screen -p 0 -S minecraft -X eval 'stuff "
      as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"save-off\"\015'"
      as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"save-all\"\015'" 
      as_user "cp -R $MCPATH/* $MCSTORE/"
      as_user "$TO_SCREEN \"save-on\"\015'"

      if [ -d $MCSTORE/$WORLD.bak ]; then
        as_user "rm -r $MCSTORE/$WORLD.bak"
      fi
    fi
  else
    echo "Service is not running"
 fi

}

mc_disksavehalt() {
   echo "Saving ramdrive to disk."
   if [ ! -f $MCPATH/$JARFILE ]; then 
     echo "Error.. Minecraft not in ram"
   else
     if [ -d $MCSTORE/$WORLD.bak ]; then
        echo "last $WORLD.bak still exist, crashed warning! manual check required!!!"
        exit 1
     fi
     if [ -d $MCSTORE/$WORLD ]; then
       as_user "mv $MCSTORE/$WORLD $MCSTORE/$WORLD.bak"
     fi

     echo "Saving, screen session closed"
     as_user "cp -R $MCPATH/* $MCSTORE/"

     if [ -d $MCSTORE/$WORLD.bak ]; then
       as_user "rm -r $MCSTORE/$WORLD.bak"
     fi
   fi
}


#Start-Stop here
case "$1" in
  start)
    mc_start
    ;;
  stop)
    mc_stop
    mc_disksavehalt
    ;;
  restart)
    mc_stop
    mc_disksavehalt
    mc_start
    ;;
  update)
    mc_stop
    mc_backup
    mc_update
    mc_start
    ;;
  backup)
    mc_disksaverun
    mc_saveoff
    mc_backup
    mc_saveon
    ;;
  disksavehalt)
    mc_disksavehalt
    ;;
  disksaverun)
    mc_disksaverun
    ;;
  status)
    if mc_status; then
      echo "$JARFILE is running."
    else
      echo "$JARFILE is not running."
    fi
    ;;
  *)
  echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/minecraft {start|stop|update|backup|status|restart|disksaverun}"
  exit 1
  ;;
esac
  • Move this script into your /etc/init.d/ directory, and make it executable:
mv /directory/wherefileis/filename /etc/init.d/minecraft
chmod a+x /etc/init.d/minecraft

Note: This script misses the command option that the other minecraft init script has on this website, http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Server_startup_script Therefor I rewrote the script with the command code in it, so ramdisk servers can also use th command thing to sync things without having to get another plugin to schedule things: http://pastebin.com/4ynwL2js Hope someone can use this, if they need the command option.


You're almost done! This script behaves exactly like the standard startup script, only that it takes care of loading and maintaining the ramdisk. You can also modify the script to use rsync instead of cp

"rsync -r -t $MCSTORE/ $MCPATH/"

in case you want to do other things, such as remote copying, but performance differences are probably negligible unless you have very big worlds.

  • DO NOT SKIP THIS STEP. You need to add a crontab entry to save your world. See below for specific reasons, but you run the risk of losing data if you don't do this. This script has two disk save functions, disksavehalt and disksaverun. Disksavehalt assumes the screen session is closing or backing up, and thus does not disable level saving. Do NOT call this function in crontab. Use disksave run instead. To do this
sudo crontab -e

Then add the line:

*/5 * * * * /etc/init.d/minecraft disksaverun
20 */6 * * * /etc/init.d/minecraft backup

The number represents how often in minutes should you save the world. If you feel like you have a robust setup, power supply backups and the whole shebang, run this less frequently. Otherwise, stick to 5 minutes at the least!

The other line runs minecraft backup every 6 hours, at :20. Don't skimp on backups! You've been warned!

Hope this helps all those would be admins out there. Good luck!

GNU/Linux (alternative)

On most GNU/Linux distributions there is already a ramdisk set up (usually mounted to /dev/shm (shared memory)) which defaults to using at most half of your total installed RAM. If there is not one already set up, resources on how to do it are widely available on the Internet.

It is possible to move anything into the ramdisk, but here I will focus on just moving the map into it and leaving the server files on the conventional drive.

Given the following basic server directory "minecraft_server/", inside a user's home directory, containing the world "world" and all other required files

~/minecraft_server/
world/
minecraft_server.jar
server.log
server.properties
...

We will want to move "world/" into the shared memory. Because of the volatility of ramdisks, we will also want to create a new folder into which an automated script will periodically save the current snapshot of the world, called (for example) "world_storage" by copying the current world to a new name

$ cd ~/minecraft_server/
$ cp -r world/ world_storage/

Now with the old world in a safe location, we can go ahead and move the world into the ram-disk

$ mkdir /dev/shm/minecraft
$ mv world/ /dev/shm/minecraft

By now, the world is loaded into the RAM, but the Minecraft server doesn't see it in its directory anymore, causing it to recreate it when started. To stop it from doing that, we have to create a symbolic link to the world in the ramdisk by running

$ ln -s /dev/shm/minecraft/world/ .

This will create a link to "/dev/shm/minecraft/world/" called "world/" in the server's directory, which the server will use like the actual world folder, but now inside the RAM.

Now we need to take care of the volatility of the ramdisk, by periodically saving the world from the RAM into "world_storage/". I'm going to use cron for scheduling and rsync for synching here.

First, we need a script that can be called by cron (it doesn't have to be a script, you could call rsync directly from the cron command line, but this allows for easy customizing later on)

#!/bin/sh

VOLATILE="/home/$USER/minecraft_server/world/"
PERMANENT="/home/$USER/minecraft_server/world_storage/"

#TODO: Check if both directories actually exist, skipped here for clearness
rsync -r -t -v "$VOLATILE" "$PERMANENT"

And then we need to make this script execute every few minutes (I'll use 5 minutes here, you can test out what works best for you)

$ crontab -e

You will be put into an editor (more precisely: the editor in your "EDITOR" environment variable) for editing your user cron table. Add the following line:

*/5 * * * * bash /home/<your_username>/minecraft_server/save_world.sh &>/dev/null

Now if your server restarts you will need to recreate the world folder (/dev/shm/minecraft) then (/dev/shm/minecraft/world) in the shared memory because the /dev/shm/ empties after restart,. You can do this by making another similar shell script.

So make a shell script file like before:

exec 1>/tmp/backup_world.log 2>&1 #sends the output to this file
#!/bin/sh
#remake the paths
mkdir /dev/shm/minecraft
mkdir /dev/shm/minecraft/world

VOLATILE="/home/$USER/minecraft_server/world/"
PERMANENT="/home/$USER/minecraft_server/world_storage/"

#TODO: Check if both directories actually exist, skipped here for clearness
#reversed the order
rsync -r -t -v "$PERMANENT" "$VOLATILE"

Everytime you restart you need to run this script to remount the Ramdisk. Do not add this to the crontab. You can add this to the start up if you figure it out.

Windows

Use a Ramdisk utility like Dataram RAMDisk (freeware version available) to create a RAM disk and place the server files on it. Dataram RAMDisk has the option to automatically save an image every time it shuts down and also every few minutes.

Before you begin:

  • At least 4G of RAM on your machine is ideal
  • Enabling "Save Disk Image on Shutdown" will impact your Windows shutdown times where you leave RAMDisk running on shutdown, and similarly startup times for "Load Disk Image on Startup". This is not a problem if you manually start and stop the server only when needed.
  • Search the Internet for some ways to save your RAMDisk in case it does not work.
  • FAT16 is generally faster than FAT32 on RAM disks, however FAT16 formatting is not available for partitions over 2048MB
  • REMEMBER: Always have a backup! If your computer crashes, any data on the RAM disk that has not been backed-up/copied to your hard drive will be lost!
  • Make sure that you allocate more than enough memory for the RAM disk than that of the size of your 'Minecraft Server' folder - remember that the Minecraft world data can increase by a lot!
  • ...and on the other hand, don't leave too little RAM remaining for the running of Windows and the server itself.

Setting up your RAM disk (Simple usage)

  1. Download and install Dataram RAMDisk
  2. Set your disk size (Setting the maximum is not recommended)
  3. If the disk size you set was 2048MB or less, choose 'FAT16 Partition', otherwise choose 'FAT32 Partition' (Advanced users may wish to select 'unformatted' and format the disk themselves)
  4. Go under the Load/Save tab and select all three RAMDisk saving methods ("AutoSave", "Save Disk Image on Shutdown" and "Load Disk Image on Startup")
  5. Start your RAMDisk - Click 'Start RAMDisk'
  6. Now go to 'My Computer' and you should see a new disk
  7. Open it and copy all your Minecraft Server files in it.
  8. Start your server per usual, now from the RAM disk you have just created - you are now up and running!

Your RAM disk will now automatically save upon shutdown, and will be restored (with data intact) on startup. Depending on the size you set, you will notice longer boot/shutdown times. Also, you may wish to adjust the AutoSave interval.

If you did not select "Save Disk Image on Shutdown", make sure continue reading especially!!

You need to follow these procedures every time you shutdown the computer to avoid data loss!

Stopping the RAM disk manually (Before shutting down computer)
  1. Stop your Minecraft server if it is running
  2. Open the Dataram RAMDisk configuration Utility (again)
  3. Please enable "Load Disk Image on Startup" if not already under the Load/save tab
  4. Click 'Save disk image now'
  5. Click 'Stop RAMDisk'
(When you wish to start the server next time, just start it like you did the first time. Only do this IF you ticked 'Load Disk Image at Startup')
Alternative:
  1. Stop your server
  2. Copy all the files in the RAMDisk to a backup folder in a hard disk
  3. Click 'Stop RAMDisk' on the Dataram RAMDisk configuration Utility
(To start it again, start your RAMDisk like you did the first time and copy all the server files into the RAMDisk, then start your server)

Mac OS X

Type this to create your RAM disk on Mac OS:

diskutil erasevolume HFS+ "ramdisk" `hdiutil attach -nomount ram://1165430`

It's only one command line to write, quite fast and efficient. :)

If you've followed these instructions, your RAM Disk will be available in /Volumes/ramdisk. After that, proceed as if you were on Linux, using Terminal and your favorite text editor.

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