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The minecraft stand alone client was released on June 30th 2010. The stand alone client currently only runs infdev and is planned to be able to run multiplayer as well.
There are some commands that work in both standalone and in-browser. Pressing F5 will toggle between first and third person, pressing and holding F6 will open up a graph, and pressing F11 will toggle fullscreen.
The stand alone client can be stretched from a corner for a bigger window for huge resolutions.
Insane resolution. ~3000x900