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Renewable Resources are resources that can be recreated indefinitely (as opposed to nonrenewable resources). While running out of resources isn't likely to be a factor due to theoretically infinite (and still quite vast in practice) map generation, this is a list of resources that can produced over and over without having to explore for more.

The listed Fully Renewable Products are items which can be crafted or smelted using only renewable resources. Note that TNT and arrows are created from a combination of renewable and non-renewable resources (being Sand and Flint, respectively).

Fully renewable resources

These resources do not require any nonrenewable items in order to be collected.

Resource Fully Renewable Products Method
Saplings and Trees
SaplingSapling SpruceSapling Birch
[note 1]
WoodWood (Pine)Wood (Birch)Wooden PlankLaddersFenceFence GateWooden DoorTrapdoorSignWooden StairsWooden Pressure PlateCharcoal (Item)BedGold SwordGold PickaxeGold ShovelGold AxeGold Hoe Trees can be grown from Saplings placed on lit Dirt; breaking trees' Leaves drops saplings. See tree farming. Charcoal can be produced by smelting any kind of log.
Wool
Bed Obtained by killing sheep, or by crafting 4 strings dropped by spiders. Six of the shown colors (white, light gray, gray, black, brown and pink) occur naturally in sheep; green, lime, red, orange and yellow wool require renewable dyes to produce. (As of 1.9 PreRelease 6, all colors of wool are fully renewable because when sheep breed, the child inherits their parent's wool color.)
Cobblestone and Stone
ButtonStone BrickStone Bricks Slabs Let flowing Lava meet Water. (One should take care not to let the water come into contact with the lava source block, which will extinguish the lava to make obsidian.) Smooth stone is created when letting lava fall on water and can be harvested with a pickaxe with a silk touch enchantment, or by smelting cobblestone with the renewable fuel of your choice.
Crops
Harvesting Crops may produce Seeds, which may be used to produce more Crops. May also be harvested from Tall Grass.
Sugar Canes
Will grow to 3 blocks high and can be trimmed or replanted. Must first be found in the world.
Cacti
Will grow to 3 blocks high and can be trimmed or replanted. Must first be found in the world.
Pumpkin Seeds
Pumpkin seeds
Jack-O-Lantern Pumpkin Seeds are found in Abandoned Mine Shafts. You can also get seeds from putting a pumpkin in a crafting table or by breaking Pumpkin Stems.
Melon Seeds
Melon Seeds are found in Abandoned Mine Shafts. You can also get seeds from putting a melon slice in a crafting table or by breaking Melon Stems.
Fish
Obtained by fishing using a Fishing Rod.
Pork
Dropped by killed pigs.
Beef
Dropped by killed cows.
Leather
Dropped by killed cows.
Raw Chicken
Dropped by killed chickens.
Feathers
Dropped by killed chickens.
Eggs
Dropped roughly every 7 minutes by living chickens.
Gunpowder
Dropped by killed creepers and ghasts.
Ink Sacs
Dropped by killed squid.
Arrows
Dropped by killed skeletons.
Bones
Dropped by killed skeletons.
String
Bed Dropped by killed spiders.
Spider Eye
Dropped by killed spiders.
Slimeballs
Dropped by killed slimes.
Gold Nuggets
Gold SwordGold PickaxeGold ShovelGold AxeGold HoeGold (Block)Gold HelmetGold ChestplateGold LeggingsGold Boots Dropped by killed Zombie Pigmen.
Ghast Tears
Dropped by killed ghasts.
Blaze Rods
Dropped by killed blazes.
Ender Pearls
Enderpearl
Dropped by killed endermen.
Rotten Flesh
Dropped by killed zombies and Zombie Pigmen.
Mushrooms
MushroomsMushrooms
Using Bone Meal on normal Mushrooms will grow them into Huge Mushrooms, if there is enough space, and can then be broken to get more of the normal mushroom. Normal mushrooms also spread slowly on their own. Also, Mooshrooms can be sheared for red mushrooms or milked for Mushroom Stew.
Huge Mushroom
Huge MushroomsHuge MushroomsHuge Mushrooms
Using Bone Meal on normal Mushrooms will grow them into Huge Mushrooms (if there is enough space), and can then be broken to get more of the normal mushroom for making more Huge Mushrooms. However, with the Silk Touch enchantment, the Huge Mushroom blocks themselves can be collected.
Flowers
FlowersFlowers
Can occasionally spawn when Bone Meal is used to generate patches of Tall Grass.
Nether Wart
Nether Wart Seeds
Harvesting fully grown nether wart.
Music Discs
Music DiscsMusic Discs
Get a skeleton to kill a creeper with its arrows.
Snowball
Snow (Block) Snow is replaced whenever it snows, and is also produced by Snow Golems.
Snow
Snow is replaced whenever it snows in snow biomes, and is also produced by Snow Golems. Shoveling it will yield snowballs, but with the Silk Touch enchantment the snowtile itself is obtainable.
Ice
Ice is created in snow biomes when a water block is exposed to the sky while the non-sunlight level is 10 or lower. Ice can only be obtained with the Silk Touch enchantment prior to 1.9pre6.

Renewable, but require nonrenewable resources

These resources can be made infinitely, but to collect require nonrenewable items with infinite uses.

Resource Fully Renewable Products Method
Water
File:Potions.gif[note 2] Two water spring blocks in the appropriate pattern produce a third; see Water for details.

However, harvesting Water requires a Bucket, which can be used unlimited times, but are made of non-renewable Iron.

Milk
Obtained by milking Cows using a Bucket.

However, harvesting Milk requires a Bucket, which can be used unlimited times, but are made of non-renewable Iron.

Blue, Light Blue, Cyan, Purple, and Magenta Wool
Bed Baby sheep will maintain the color of their parents. Killing a colored sheep will drop one block of colored wool.

However, two uses of the respective dye, containing non-renewable Lapis Lazuli (Dye), are required to color the parent sheep.

Renewable, but exhaust nonrenewable resources

These resources can be made infinitely, but to collect require nonrenewable items with limited durability.

Resource Fully Renewable Products Method
Leaves
Leaves
Harvesting Leaf blocks from grown Trees using Shears will produce leaf blocks instead of saplings.

However, to harvest leaves, one would require Shears, made from non-renewable Iron.

Vines
Vines can be found hanging from leaves in Swamp biomes. They grow downwards.

However, to harvest vines, one would require Shears, made from non-renewable Iron.

Grass
Grass can be made by using Bone Meal on a Grass Block.

However, to harvest grass, one would require Shears, made from non-renewable Iron.

Obsidian
Entering a Nether Portal for which there is no matching exit will generate 14 free blocks of Obsidian (and 4 more "ledge" blocks if the portal is formed in mid-air). Only mining the corners (and "ledges") will keep the portal active.

However, to harvest obsidian, one would require a pickaxe made from non-renewable Diamond.

Blue, Light Blue, Cyan, Purple, and Magenta Wool
Bed Baby sheep will maintain the color of their parents.

However, harvesting these types of wool requires Shears made from non-renewable Iron, as well as two uses of the respective dye to color the parent sheep.

Notes

  1. Because saplings have a 1/16 chance to fall from a leaf block, there is a chance that a tree will not drop any saplings. However, the number of generated trees is theoretically infinite, making the chance to not get any saplings from destroying all trees negligible.
  2. Some potions are non-renewable. A potion's renewability depends on its ingredients, and it also requires a Bottle, which can be used unlimited times, but are made of non-renewable Glass
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