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Renewable Resources are resources that can be recreated indefinitely (as opposed to nonrenewable resources). While running out of resources isn't likely to be a factor due to theoretically infinite (and still quite vast in practice) map generation, this is a list of resources that can produced over and over without having to explore for more.

The listed Fully Renewable Products are items which can be crafted or smelted using only renewable resources. Note that TNT and arrows are created from a combination of renewable and non-renewable resources (being Sand and Flint, respectively).

Fully renewable resources

These resources do not require any nonrenewable items in order to be collected.

Resource Fully Renewable Products Method
Saplings and Trees
SaplingSapling SpruceSapling Birch
WoodWood (Pine)Wood (Birch)Wooden PlankLaddersFenceFence GateWooden DoorTrapdoorSignWooden StairsWooden Pressure PlateCharcoal (Item)BedGold SwordGold PickaxeGold ShovelGold AxeGold Hoe Trees can be grown from Saplings placed on lit Dirt; breaking trees' Leaves drops saplings. See tree farming. Charcoal can be produced by smelting any kind of log.
Wool
Bed Obtained by shearing/killing sheep, or by crafting 4 strings dropped by spiders. Six of the shown colors (white, light gray, gray, black, brown and pink) occur naturally in sheep; green, lime, red, orange and yellow wool require renewable dyes to produce.
Cobblestone
ButtonStone BrickStone Brick Slabs Let flowing Lava meet Water. (One should take care not to let the water come into contact with the lava source block, which will extinguish the lava to make obsidian.)
Crops
Harvesting Crops may produce Seeds, which may be used to produce more Crops. May also be harvested from Tall Grass.
Sugar Canes
Will grow to 3 blocks high and can be trimmed or replanted. Must first be found in the world.
Cacti
Will grow to 3 blocks high and can be trimmed or replanted. Must first be found in the world.
Pumpkin Seeds
Pumpkin seeds
Jack-O-Lantern Pumpkin Seeds are found in Abandoned Mine Shafts. You can also get seeds from putting a pumpkin in a crafting table or by breaking Pumpkin Stems
Melon Seeds
Melon seeds
Melon Seeds are found in Abandoned Mine Shafts. You can also get seeds from putting a melon slice in a crafting table or by breaking Melon Stems
Fish
Obtained by fishing using a Fishing Rod.
Pork
Dropped by killed pigs.
Beef
Dropped by killed cows.
Leather
Dropped by killed cows.
Raw Chicken
Dropped by killed chickens.
Feathers
Dropped by killed chickens.
Eggs
Dropped roughly every 7 minutes by living chickens.
Gunpowder
Dropped by killed creepers and ghasts.
Ink Sacs
Dropped by killed squid.
Arrows
Dropped by killed skeletons.
Bones
Dropped by killed skeletons.
String
Bed Dropped by killed spiders.
Spider Eye
Dropped by killed spiders.
Slimeballs
Dropped by killed slimes.
Gold Nuggets
Gold (Ingot)Gold SwordGold PickaxeGold ShovelGold AxeGold HoeGold (Block)Gold HelmetGold ChestplateGold LeggingsGold Boots Dropped by killed Zombie Pigmen.
Ghast Tears
Dropped by killed ghasts.
Blaze Rods
Dropped by killed blazes.
Ender Pearls
Enderpearl
Dropped by killed endermen.
Rotten Flesh
Dropped by killed zombies and Zombie Pigmen.
Mushrooms
MushroomsMushrooms
Using Bone Meal on normal Mushrooms will grow them into Huge Mushrooms, if there is enough space, and can then be broken to get more of the normal mushroom. Normal mushrooms also spread slowly on their own.
Flowers
FlowersFlowers
Can occasionally spawn when Bone Meal is used to generate patches of Tall Grass.
Nether Wart
Nether Wart Seeds
Harvesting fully grown nether wart.
Music Discs
Music DiscsMusic Discs
Get a skeleton to kill a creeper with its arrows.
Snow
Snow (Block) Snow is replaced whenever it snows, and is also produced by Snow Golems.

Renewable, but require nonrenewable resources

These resources require a one-time craft of a nonrenewable item in order to be collected. The resource then can be collected infinite times.

Resource Fully Renewable Products Method
Water
Two water spring blocks in the appropriate pattern produce a third; see Water for details.

However, harvesting it requires a Bucket, which can be used unlimited times, but is made of non-renewable Iron.

Milk
Obtained by milking Cows using a Bucket.

However, harvesting Milk for a cake requires 3 Buckets, which can be used unlimited times, but are made of non-renewable Iron.

Renewable at the expense of nonrenewable resources

While these resources can be created infinitely, collecting these requires gradual consumption of non-renewable tools.

Resource Renewable Products Method
Obsidian
Entering a Nether Portal for which there is no matching exit will generate 14 free blocks of Obsidian (and 4 more "ledge" block if the portal is formed in mid-air). Only mining the corners (and "ledges") will keep the portal active.

However, harvesting it requires a diamond pickaxe made from non-renewable Diamond.

Leaves
Leaves
Harvesting Leaf blocks from grown Trees using Shears will produce leaf blocks instead of saplings.

However, harvesting it requires Shears, made from non-renewable Iron.

Vines
Vines can be found hanging from leaves in Swamp biomes. They grow downwards.

However, harvesting them also requires Shears, made from non-renewable Iron.

Tall Grass
Tall grass can be made by using Bone Meal on grass.

However, harvesting it also requires Shears, made from non-renewable Iron.

Renewable, but cannot be harvested

These "resources" can be made infinitely, but cannot be harvested and carried.

Resource Fully Renewable Products Method
Mushrooms
MushroomsMushrooms
Huge MushroomsHuge MushroomsHuge Mushrooms Using Bone Meal on normal Mushrooms will grow them into Huge Mushrooms (if there is enough space), and can then be broken to get more of the normal mushroom for making more Huge Mushrooms.

However, you cannot collect Huge Mushrooms, and they can only be used for decorative or sheltering purposes.

Snow
Snow is replaced whenever it snows in snow biomes, and is also produced by Snow Golems.

However, you cannot collect Snow, and it can only be used for decorative purposes.

Ice
Ice is created in snow biomes when a water block is exposed to the sky while the non-sunlight level is 10 or lower. Ice cannot be picked up, but it can be moved by pistons.

Nonrenewable resources

These resources can not be recreated indefinitely on the limited area (as opposed to renewable resources). The only way to get more resources is to open a new lands. While running out of resources isn't likely to be a factor due to theoretically infinite (and still quite vast in practice) map generation, this is a list of resources that can not produced over and over without having to explore for more.

They are listed in order of rarity(from the rarest to least rare)

Nonrenewable Resource Non-renewable Products Method
Diamond (Ore)
Diamond (Ore)
Diamond (Gem)Diamond (Block) Can be found ...
Redstone (Ore)
Redstone (Ore)
Redstone (Dust)Redstone (Torch)Redstone (Repeater) Can be found ...
Lapis Lazuli (Ore)
Lapis Lazuli (Ore)
Lapis Lazuli (Block)Lapis Lazuli (Dye) Can be found ...
Moss Stone
-- Found in dungeons.
Clay
Clay (Block)
Clay (Item)Clay (Brick)Brick (Block) Can be found mostly underwater near sand. Best to dig it in swamp biomes.
Iron (Ore)
Iron (Ore)
Iron (Ingot)Iron (Block)Flint_and_SteelStorage_MinecartPowered_MinecartRailsMap (Item) Can be found ...
Coal (Ore)
Coal (Ore)
Coal (Item) Can be found ...
Gravel
Can be found randomly underground and sometimes on coasts, and also in The Nether
Lava
Can be found ... also in The Nether
Sand
Can be found mostly in deserts and on coasts.
Sandstone
-- Can be found under naturally generated sand.
Mycelium
Can be found in mushroom biomes. Also can be converted from Dirt.
Grass
Can be found mostly anywhere on the surface(except the desert). Also can be converted from Dirt.
Dirt
Can be found mostly anywhere underneath a grass block on the surface and often is underground
Glowstone (Block)
Glowstone (Block)
Glowstone (Dust) Can be found only in The Nether
Soul Sand
-- Can be found only in The Nether
Netherrack
-- Can be found only in The Nether
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