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Renewable Resources are resources that can be recreated indefinitely. While running out of resources isn't likely to be a factor due to theoretically infinite (and still quite vast in practice) map generation, this is a list of resources that can produced over and over without having to explore for more.

The listed Fully Renewable Products are items which can be crafted or smelted using only renewable resources. Note that TNT and arrows are created from a combination of renewable and non-renewable resources (being Sand and Flint, respectively).

Fully renewable resources

These resources do not require any nonrenewable items in order to be collected.

Resource Fully Renewable Products Method
Saplings and Trees
SaplingSapling SpruceSapling Birch
WoodWood (Pine)Wood (Birch)Wooden PlankLaddersFenceFence GateWooden DoorTrapdoorSignWooden StairsWooden Pressure PlateCharcoal (Item)BedGold SwordGold PickaxeGold ShovelGold AxeGold Hoe Trees can be grown from Saplings placed on lit Dirt; breaking trees' Leaves drops saplings. See Tree farming. Charcoal can be produced by smelting any kind of log.
Wool
Bed Obtained by shearing/killing Sheep, or by crafting 4 strings dropped by spiders. Six of the shown colors (white, light gray, gray, black, brown and pink) occur naturally in sheep; green, lime, red, orange and yellow wool require renewable dyes to produce.
Cobblestone
ButtonStone BrickStone Brick Slabs Let flowing Lava meet Water. (One should take care not to let the water come into contact with the lava source block, which will extinguish the lava to make obsidian.)
Crops
Harvesting Crops may produce Seeds, which may be used to produce more Crops. May also be harvested from Tall Grass.
Sugar Canes
Will grow to 3 blocks high and can be trimmed or replanted. Must first be found in the world.
Cacti
Will grow to 3 blocks high and can be trimmed or replanted. Must first be found in the world.
Pumpkin Seeds
Pumpkin seeds
Jack-O-Lantern Pumpkin Seeds are found in Abandoned Mine Shafts. You can also get seeds from putting a pumpkin in a crafting table and by breaking Pumpkin Stems
Melon Seeds
Melon seeds
Melon Seeds are found in Abandoned Mine Shafts. You can also get seeds from putting a melon slice in a crafting table or by breaking Melon Stems
Fish
Obtained by Fishing using a Fishing Rod.
Pork
Dropped by killed Pigs.
Cooked Porkchop
Dropped by killing Pigs with Fire or smelting raw porkchops.

However, Flint and Steel - a common and easy way to start fires (for burning pigs) - requires non-renewable Flint and Iron Ingots.

Leather
Dropped by killed Cows.
Feathers
Dropped by killed Chickens.
Raw Chicken
Dropped by killed Chickens.
Gunpowder
Dropped by killed Creepers and Ghasts.
Ink Sacs
Dropped by killed Squids.
Arrows
Dropped by killed Skeletons.
Bones
Dropped by killed Skeletons.
String
Dropped by killed Spiders.
Spider Eye
Dropped by killed Spiders.
Eggs
Dropped randomly by living Chickens.
Slimeballs
Dropped by killed Slimes.
Gold Nuggets
Gold (Ingot)Gold SwordGold PickaxeGold ShovelGold AxeGold HoeGold (Block)Gold HelmetGold ChestplateGold LeggingsGold Boots Dropped by killed Zombie Pigmen.
Ghast Tears
Dropped by killed Ghasts.
Blaze Rods
Dropped by killed Blazes.
Ender Pearls
Enderpearl
Dropped by killed Endermen.
Rotten Flesh
Dropped by killed Zombies and Zombie Pigmen.
Mushrooms
MushroomsMushrooms
Using Bone Meal on normal Mushrooms will grow them into Huge Mushrooms, if there is enough space, and can then be broken to get more of the normal mushroom. Normal mushrooms also spread slowly on their own.
Flowers
FlowersFlowers
Can occasionally spawn when Bone Meal is used to generate patches of Tall Grass.
Music Discs
Music DiscsMusic Discs
Get a skeleton to kill a creeper with its arrows.
Snow
Snow (Block) Snow is replaced whenever it snows, and is also produced by Snow Golems.

Renewable, but require nonrenewable resources

These resources require a one-time craft of a nonrenewable item in order to be collected. The resource then can be collected infinite times.

Resource Fully Renewable Products Method
Water
Two water spring blocks in the appropriate pattern produce a third; see Water for details.

However, harvesting it requires a Bucket, which can be used unlimited times, but is made of non-renewable Iron.

Milk
Obtained by milking Cows using a Bucket.

However, harvesting Milk for a cake requires 3 Buckets, which can be used unlimited times, but are made of non-renewable Iron.

Renewable at the expense of nonrenewable resources

These Resources gradually consume uses of non-renewable tools when collected.

Resource Renewable Products Method
Obsidian
Entering a Nether Portal for which there is no matching exit will generate 14 free blocks of Obsidian(and 4 more "ledge" block if the portal is formed in mid-air). Only mining the corners(and "ledges") will keep the portal active.

However, harvesting it requires a diamond pickaxe made from non-renewable Diamond.

Leaves
Leaves
Harvesting Leaf blocks from grown Trees using Shears will produce leaf blocks instead of saplings.

However, harvesting it requires Shears, made from non-renewable Iron.

Vines
Vines can be found hanging from leaves in Swamp biomes. They grow downwards.

However, harvesting them also requires Shears, made from non-renewable Iron.

Tall Grass
Tall grass can be made by using Bone Meal on grass.

However, harvesting it also requires Shears, made from non-renewable Iron.

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