Minecraft Wiki
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Minecraft uses both keyboard and mouse as input.

Default Controls

Key Function
Left Mouse Destroy blocks, Attack, Toggle Switches.
Right Mouse Place blocks, Toggle Switches, Use special blocks like Chests and Workbenches.
Key Function
Movement keys (WASD) Allows the movement of the character.
Space bar Jump.
Left Shift Sneak
I Opens up the Inventory.
Q Drops a held item.
F Toggles Fog.
T Chat (Multiplayer only)

Function Keys

There are some keys that are not changeable via Options that perform special functions within the stand alone client.

Key Function
F1 Holding this key will hide all GUI elements, including the menu and whatever item you are holding. When held while in third person, it will show you the front of your character. This was added in the Halloween Update to make taking scene screenshots easier.
Pressing F2 while F1 is held will take a screenshot and place it in %appdata%\.minecraft\screenshots.
F3 Holding this key will show extra debug information on the top of the screen along side the Minecraft version, such as FPS (frames per second), chunk updates, available memory, and a performance graph.
F5 Toggles between first and third person. Third person is not advised since your cursor is always on your head.
F10 Gives cursor control back to Windows and freezes the game until it is clicked. (Exactly the same as pressing Escape)
F11 Toggles full-screen mode.

However, some people are experiencing a bug while exiting from full-screen mode that causes an inescapable black screen. When that's the case, use ALT+TAB to switch out of Minecraft AND switch it back to windowed mode.

Note: Function keys that must be held (F1 and F3) can instead be toggled by pressing alt afterwards. This does not work in full-screen mode.

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