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Zombie in a cavern

A dark cave with a Zombie.

Caverns (also known as tunnels or caves) are commonly-found underground structures generated in the Overworld.

Generation

Caverns are randomly generated patches of air blocks (lava source blocks at layer 10 and below) in the underground, leaving exposed stone and other blocks generated with the terrain (such as mineral veins). They consist of a series of irregular tunnels branching off and winding in other directions, which may connect to the surface of the map creating natural entrances to the cavern. In jungle biomes, vines generate in caves near the surface. Sand often will fall into caverns generated near the surface of a desert or beach; craters in the sand will alert the player to caves below the surface.

Caverns generate at any altitude up to Y-level 128. Caverns can be quite deep, extending from the surface all the way to bedrock. They frequently intersect natural structures such as other caverns, dungeons, ravines, and mineshafts. Because of low light levels, hostile mobs and bats often spawn in caverns deep underground.

Structure

A cavern can be classified into the following kinds of cave systems.

Small cavern

File:2011-10-08 10.38.04.png

A small cave generated underneath ice.

Small caverns are primarily located close to sea level and are unlikely to be linked to other caverns. Because of their relative shallowness, they seldom contain anything more rare than small deposits of basic ores such as coal and iron. Such caverns may have multiple entrances which are naturally lit by sunlight or moonlight. These type of caves also commonly feature pools of water within, likely caused by the generation of the water itself.

Medium cavern

Medium-cave

You can notice the gold ore and flowing lava. In a medium cave you can also find dungeons.

Medium-sized cave systems are commonly found within reach of other, often smaller caverns, which are accessible via mining. These caverns frequently contain large deposits of basic ores alongside small repositories of rarer materials - including lapis lazuli and gold. Such caves also regularly contain, at the very least, minor water or lava flows as well as the presence of dungeons.

Large cavern

File:2011-12-10 22.05.42.png

A large cave (which is also a circular room). Note the tree behind.

These are large subterranean systems, found deep within the earth, often close to bedrock. They hold large deposits of essentially every known type of ore - with rarer materials, such as diamonds and emeralds, being found. Such systems contain a number of lakes of all types, as well as the presence of major lava and water flows.

Circular cavern

File:2012-01-24 15.48.30.png

An above-ground circular cave.

During the terrain generation process, large symmetrical and cylindrical caverns of various sizes can infrequently be created underground which often merge with other cave systems. These unusual type of caverns vary from roughly 5 to 22 blocks in height, and from roughly 11 to over 30 blocks in width and/or length, though larger examples are quite rare. Although not particularly of interest, from a mining perspective, they may appear unnatural and irregular in comparison to the surrounding terrain. While the smallest rarely contain many ores, the largest can be quite useful for mining as their sheer surface area rivals that of a large ravine.

Very rarely, dungeons and even strongholds can be found in these rooms.

Ravine

The Pit

A ravine viewed from inside.

File:2011-09-10 15.16.55.png

A ravine that is open to the sky

Deepcliff

A deep cliff reaching bedrock levels.

DoubleRavine

A ravine spawned under another ravine

Ravines are tall, long cracks of air, usually measuring around 30 to 50 blocks in height, 84 to 112 blocks long and no more than 7 blocks wide. Ravines can have small ledges along the top. They can be found at levels 20 to 68, sometimes appearing on the world surface or underwater, forming canyons. They can go very deep underground, sometimes spawning slimes or exposing diamond ore. If they reach deep enough, they may also be floored by the lava lakes at level 11. In the Amplified world type, ravines can cut down from surface level all the way down to bedrock. Ravines can also be found in oceans or rivers having a waterfall from the river/ocean falling into them.

Ravines can connect to caves, dungeons, abandoned mineshafts, and any other generated structures. Due to the large surface area of their walls, ravines often have water and/or lava flowing down them (from springs in the walls, underground lakes, or even openings to the sea).

Giant entrance

File:2012-01-04 18.37.40.png

A giant entrance.

These caverns have a large hole for an entrance and then spiral down, often cutting into coal and iron deposits. Rarely, these entrances can go nearly straight down, exposing rarer minerals.

Sea-access cave

Sea-access-cave

An example of a cave connected with the sea

These caves are often connected with the sea, and can be accessed from the sea. These act like underwater entrances to caves, often large ravines. When lit by lava, they allow the Player to see them from the surface of the ocean.

Underground lakes

Water lakes

File:2011-12-10 22.13.36.png

Example of an underground water lake at bedrock level.

Water Cave Filling

Another water cave, with water flowing inside.

Found in every part of the world, underground water lakes are the most common type of lake. Water lakes may occur anywhere from a mere 1-20 blocks below the surface, all the way to bedrock.

Lava lakes

A lava lake

Example of an underground lava lake

File:2011-12-10 23.47.03.png

A lava lake inside of a ravine. Note the conveyor belt to doom on the left.

These type of lakes are most often found in large caves deep underground, although they may rarely appear on the surface. Though lava lakes can be extremely dangerous, if you have a bucket of water on hand, dousing lava lakes can be a quick and easy method of obtaining obsidian.

Video

Note: This video is outdated, as new stone types now generate underground. Also, gravel and lava now have different textures.

Cave/video

History

classic
0.24_06Caves are longer and more narrow.
The deeper underground you go, the bigger the caves are.
indev
January 22, 2010Caves are no longer filled with water as often.
infdev
June 16, 2010Caves are now clustered instead of random.
June 17, 2010Caves have 1–5 exits, enabling multiple escapes. Caves are now so clustered that a cave could be described as "Swiss cheese". More water and lava springs in caves. Tunnels have a wider variety of thickness. Gravel and dirt can now be found in caves.
alpha
1.0.3Caves now have ambient noises such as moans and train whistles.
1.2.6Pools of water and lava can now be found in caves.
beta
1.2Ores can now be found more often on the walls of caves.
release
1.4.212w38aBats added, and are the only passive mob to spawn in dark caves.
12w38bNew cave sounds added.
1.7.213w36aCave generation tweaked, making caves less dense and interconnected.[1]
1.814w02aCaverns now generate with granite, diorite, and andesite below Y:80, in a similar abundance to gravel or dirt.
14w20aCaverns now generate on the surface of desert, mesa, mega taiga and mushroom biomes.
14w32aCaverns surfacing in mesa biomes now generate with red sandstone rather than sandstone.
1.1016w20aCaves now no longer generate with sandstone in the ceiling, when they surface through sand of any type. The sand will instead show unstable sand particles, until it is disturbed.
Pocket Edition Alpha
0.9.0build 1Added caves.
Legacy Console Edition
TU1CU1 1.0 Patch 1Added caves.

Issues

Issues relating to "Cave" are maintained on the bug tracker. Report issues there.

Trivia

  • Caves will often be overwritten by sand and sandstone, as well as other generated structures.
  • Though ores are abundant in caverns and often require little digging to get to, ore veins visible in the walls of the cavern often contain little ore, as the cavern cut through them when it was generated.

Gallery

See also

References


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