Flower

Flowers are naturally occurring plants that spawn randomly in clusters on grass blocks. While they can be planted on grass, farmland, and dirt blocks, flowers cannot be cultivated like trees, sugar cane, or crops, but can occasionally spawn when bone meal is used to generate patches of tall grass. Flowers can be used to make wool dyes.

To survive, flowers must be planted on a grass or dirt block that either does not have a block any altitude above it to obstruct sun/moonlight, or is lit with at least a light level of 8. If neither of these conditions exist, the flower will quickly pop out. This attribute allows flowers to be used in the creation of light-sensitive mechanisms.

Even in a biome covered with snow, flowers will generate naturally on dirt blocks with grass, despite the adjoining dirt blocks being covered with snow.

Dandelion
Dandelion flowers can be collected in one hit and placed in a crafting grid to create 2 units of dandelion yellow dye.

Rose
Roses can be collected in one hit and placed in a crafting grid to create 2 units of rose red dye. They are somewhat rarer than yellow flowers; usually being alone or in groups of 3-4. They are also held and dropped by Iron Golems.

Rose (Pocket Edition)
Cyan Flowers replace roses in the Pocket Edition.

In a video preview of the Pocket Edition on the Xperia PLAY, a cyan flower is visible at 0:25. Jeb stated that they exist as replacement for Roses, following some hardware problems; cyan colored flowers are not planned to be added in the PC version of Minecraft.

Since version 0.5.0 the tooltip says rose, this may be a bug.

History
Dandelions and roses were first introduced in Classic 0.0.20. The cyan flower was introduced in Pocket Edition Alpha 0.1.

In Classic, flowers could be placed on all block types, including lava and on top of each other. In Classic, flowers would also "float" when the block beneath them was broken; unlike in more recent versions.

It was not possible to regrow flowers until the Beta 1.6.6 update, when bone meal was given the ability to generate them with tall grass when used on a grass block. After Beta 1.8, dandelions became more abundant.

In Beta 1.8, a map generation glitch made it impossible to find red flowers without using bone meal. This was fixed in Beta 1.9.

Trivia

 * On SMP, placing a flower on a stone block with a layer of snow on top would result in the flower being planted normally.
 * Due to the nature of the flowers' spawning algorithm, it is possible (but relatively rare) to find naturally-spawned flowers in lava, caverns or abandoned mine shafts.
 * Like torches, flowers convert falling objects like sand or gravel into their collectible item entity.