The Nether



"Explore a scary new realm! A brand new hell world for fast travel. Portal in, move ten meters, portal out, and you’re hundreds of meters away."

- The Halloween Update promo poster

The Nether is an eerie dimension featuring unique cavernous terrain and many dangers including many unique mobs and terrain hazards like lava or fire.

Accessing


To access the Nether, the player must construct a nether portal in the Overworld (portals created in the End do not activate). To create the portal, the player must first build a rectangular obsidian frame, ranging in size from a minimum of 4×5 to a maximum of 23×23. Once the frame is built, it can then be activated by placing fire within the frame, using flint and steel, fire charge, dispensers or any materials.

An activated portal allows most entities (with the exception of the wither, the ender dragon, and entities riding or being ridden by another entity) to be transported to a corresponding portal in the Nether. In Survival, the player must stand in a nether portal for 4 seconds to get to the Nether. The player can step out of a portal before it completes its animation to abort the teleport. The portal generates a sound effect while the player is inside it. If there is no corresponding portal, a new 4×5 portal is created. The portal can be destroyed by breaking the obsidian frame, by a nearby explosion, or by placing water or lava into it with a bucket or dispenser. Any of the corner blocks can be destroyed without destroying the portal.

In the Old world type, it is impossible to construct a Nether portal. The portal block must be placed using cheats.

Environment
There are three biomes in the Nether.

For the nether wastes, the terrain is largely composed of netherrack that forms complex platforms and niches, with frequent lava oceans, 'lavafalls', and rivers of lava. Lava sources hidden in the netherrack are also common, making large mining projects dangerous. Random fires across the netherrack are yet another hazard to the unwary player.

Another biome in the Nether is the soul sand valley. The soul sand valley has a high spawn rate of ghasts and skeletons. Frequently large basalt pillars spawn.

Two more biomes are the forests, with the warped and crimson variant. Many plants and vegetation spawn in these forests. The crimson forest is one of the only places that hoglins and piglins spawn in. There is a high spawn rate of endermen in the warped forest.

Bedrock comprises the top (below layer 127) and bottom 4 layers in a rough pattern. In the infinite worlds of the Java and Bedrock Editions, the Nether is also horizontally infinite. $$, the build limit in the nether is 128 blocks, despite it being 256 in all other dimensions.

Glowstone clusters generate on ceilings, and mushrooms grow abundantly on the ground. There are patches of floating gravel and soul sand. Small caverns form in the netherrack, which contain random nether quartz deposits. Near the level of the lava oceans, patches of magma blocks generate within the netherrack, making travel difficult and potentially damaging to armor.

Nether fortresses, the Nether's only naturally occurring structures, provide valuable loot, and are the only places where blazes and wither skeletons naturally spawn. Nether fortresses are also the only places where nether wart naturally generates.

The Nether has no day-night cycle and no weather. Natural sources of light include fire, lava, portals, and glowstone. Even with a light level of 0, the Nether has a dim ambient light (roughly equivalent to light level 8 in the Overworld). Light otherwise functions exactly the same as it does in the Overworld and the End.

Any player who dies in the Nether respawns in the Overworld; any surviving items remain in the Nether where the death occurred.

Locations in the Nether correlate to Overworld coordinates, but horizontal Overworld distances are scaled down by a ratio of 8:1 for travel in the Nether. Therefore, traveling one block in the Nether means traveling eight blocks in the Overworld. For example, in a perfect scenario, a player who enters a portal in the Overworld at x=0, z=0 and travels in the Nether to x=1000, z=1000 returns to the Overworld at x=8000, z=8000. This makes portals a useful tool for traveling very long distances in the Overworld.



Most items and blocks in the Nether function the same as they do in the Overworld, with a few notable exceptions:


 * Beds explode and cause fires when a player attempts to sleep in one. It has an explosion power of 5. The explosion is larger than that of TNT, which has an explosion power of 4.
 * There is no way to place liquid water in the Nether without the use of commands, besides the usage of a cauldron.
 * Using water buckets produces steam particles and a hissing sound, leaving the player with an empty bucket.
 * Ice that is melted or smashed in the Nether does not produce water.
 * If somehow placed using cheats, water takes on a reddish-brown color.
 * If placed from a water bucket into a cauldron, water takes on a reddish-brown color.
 * Placing a wet sponge will instantly dry up.
 * Lava flows twice as far (8 blocks) and much faster in the Nether than in the Overworld.
 * Grass blocks and leaves take a dead-looking brownish color since the Nether is a warm biome.
 * Maps generate a brown-gray static pattern. The player's direction indicator spins randomly; its location is still relative to the player's location in the Nether, except in the New Nintendo 3DS Edition, where it is always in the center of the map.
 * Compasses and clocks spin wildly, making it impossible to tell the time while in the Nether.
 * Snow golems rapidly take fire damage and die, due to the Nether being a warm biome. However, they can survive if they have the status effect.

Mobs
The Nether is home to its own share of mobs, most of which are fire- and lava-proof. Skeletons, chickens, and endermen are the only Overworld mobs that can naturally spawn in the Nether; $$, baby zombie pigmen may spawn as chicken jockeys.

Other Overworld mobs do not naturally spawn in the Nether, but can be teleported through portals (with the exception of withers and ender dragons).

Generation
Within the Nether, mobs such as ghasts, packs of zombie pigmen, and the occasional magma cube and enderman spawn. Certain structures, such as nether quartz ore, glowstone veins, and nether fortresses generate only in the Nether. While water cannot be placed in the Nether dimension, ice can and water lakes (and other Overworld structures) can still generate, if the Nether is used in a superflat or buffet preset.

In Bedrock Edition, if the nether is used as the biome for overworld generation, a bedrock ceiling generates at altitude 128. If a river generates in the nether biome, the bedrock ceiling does not generate over the river biome (which exposes sunlight). The terrain consists entirely of stone, without any netherrack or nether related block generated. Although the terrain is entirely stone, no ore is generated (including dirt, gravel, andesite, etc). Caverns and lakes (with red colored water) still generate. The player is still able to place water in an overworld nether biome, but trying to sleep in a bed still causes an explosion.

Naturally generated
Naturally generated blocks includes those that are created through the world seed.

Naturally created
Naturally created blocks are created through a combination of events that lead these blocks to be placed by natural causes, not by the player.

Structures
These blocks are generated as part of nether fortresses, but only when the "generated structures" option is on.

Folder
$$, the Nether is stored in. Deleting this file resets the Nether, so that all player-made changes and buildings in that dimension are undone.

$$, the  folder contains several collections of chunks. Some of these files are used for the Nether, but it is impossible to tell which ones simply by reading the file name.

Advancements
There is a whole tab dedicated for the Nether in the advancement system, all involving visiting the Nether in some way in order to advance.

Trivia

 * Upon entering the Nether as a single player, the passage of time freezes in the Overworld, resuming when the player returns unless the command is used. This is due to the spawn chunks no longer being ticked, and not chunks loading and unloading as some players believe. The spawn chunks are kept loaded when there are no players in the overworld, but most stuff other than basic redstone stops working.
 * The numbers for the 3 dimensions are: -1=The Nether, 0=The Overworld, 1=The End. This implies that the Nether is the next dimension over from the Overworld in the "down" direction and The End is the next dimension over in the "up" direction.
 * $$, if a section of the bedrock ceiling is removed (e.g., through commands) mobs cannot spawn directly below where the ceiling should be because Nether mobs on the surface have a density cap of 0.