Tutorials/Nether survival

The Nether is a dangerous hellscape filled with zombie pigmen, ghasts, blazes and magma cubes. So, you are no doubt wondering, why even go to this place? Well, it has no creepers and is home to useful and rare potion ingredients, not to mention netherrack (which burns forever) and soul sand. It can also be used for fast travel between far off areas. This guide will aid you in becoming a Nether dweller.

Making A Nether Portal
To make a Nether Portal, you will need 14 obsidian blocks, plus a flint and steel. Place the obsidian to make a hollow upright rectangle, four wide by five high (on the outside) and one block thick. Once you have made the frame of the portal, use the flint-and-steel to light one of the bottom pieces of obsidian. The inside of the frame should light up with an eerie purple glow: Your portal is now active and ready for use.
 * If you don't have quite enough obsidian, you can leave off the corner blocks to make it with 10 blocks instead. (You'll probably need to put "dummy" blocks such as dirt there to complete the frame, but you can remove those afterwards.)
 * If you don't have any obsidian (perhaps not enough diamonds for a pickaxe?), but you do have iron buckets and available lava (a small lake or many flows), it is possible to "cast" a gate in place.
 * Note that this process will not work if you're already in the Nether-- you'll have plenty of lava, but no water.
 * You will need at least 10 (up to 14) buckets of lava, and another bucket of water. You *don't need all the lava ready at once, but having at least 2 at once will save you some trouble.
 * Build a mold out of dirt for the bottom: a trench 1 wide and 2 or 4 long.
 * Fill each block of the trench from a lava bucket, then place your water on a mold block to flood the lava and turn it into obsidian. (If it turns into stone or cobblestone instead, you misplaced a source block.  Just mine the cobblestone out and try again.)
 * Extend your frame upwards and repeat the process to mold the next layers: Three levels of two separated pits for the portal sides, then another trench for the top.
 * Dig away the dirt frame, and light your new portal!

Preparing For The Nether
First, gather your supplies and tools, remembering that you are likely to get killed a few times while learning how to survive in the Nether. You're going to be going through a lot of cobblestone and iron, so make sure you've got plenty of those laid in at home.

Basic supplies

 * Blocks: Start with at least two stacks of cobblestone for shelters and paths, and a stack of gravel for pillar-jumping and descending cliffs.  A little wool may be handy to provide distinctive markers.
 * Supplies: At least quarter-stacks of wood and iron ingots for tools, and perhaps some string for bows.
 * Food: And plenty of it, favoring bread over heavier stuff.  It is vital to keep your Hunger Bar filled at all times so that you can regenerate health  (Cookies or melon slices may be useful for quickly topping-off your hunger bar.)  Mushrooms are fairly abundant in the Nether, but mushroom stew is clumsy, and as with the heavy meats, you won't get full benefit unless you let your hunger get dangerously low.
 * Armour and tools:
 * Don't risk diamond equipment unless you can afford to lose it. In general, you want at least iron all around.  Enchantments are good, but some enchantments are useless in the Nether (Flame, Fire Aspect, Aqua Affinity, mostly Respiration).  Remember that "generic" Protection includes Fire, Blast, and Projectile Protection.  Especially useful:  Unbreaking tools, Feather Falling.
 * You really need iron armor for decent protection, and iron's tool durability cuts down on awkward moments. Remember, there's no Cobblestone in the Nether except what you bring, and you'll be wanting that for shelters and paths!
 * An axe will get little use, but may be helpful recovering wooden stuff that you've placed. Consider skipping it.
 * A bow (enchanted if possible) and a full stack of arrows, for taking down ghasts.
 * Be sure to bring a flint and steel, to re-light your Nether Portal if needed.
 * A full stack of torches. While in the Nether, you can sort of see without light sources, but lighting areas is still important to block mob spawning, especially Ghasts.  (Also, you do see better when things are lit.)
 * Ladders, up to a stack. Lots of cliffs here!
 * Iron bars can replace both fences and glass panes -- bring a whole stack. They can also be used to block lava flows, but remember that mobs can jump onto single-height iron bars.
 * 14 (at least 10) obsidian, if at all possible - if your portal emerges somewhere really unreasonable, you may want to build a return portal somewhere safer.
 * Optional items:
 * Optionally coal and (more) wood, to make more torches as needed. Note that there are no smeltable ores in the nether, so this is the only reason to bring coal.
 * An iron door or two can be helpful for securing your shelter. Don't forget some stone buttons and/or levers to open them!  (pressure plates and tripwires are an option, but may be tripped by wandering mobs.)
 * A half-stack or so of Cobblestone Stairs can be helpful to make ramps around your base, or elsewhere.
 * Dirt, for growing plants and perhaps as a marker.
 * Wooden fences and doors are less useful because of their flammability, and glass panes because of their fragility, but they do block mob vision while they last.
 * Snow blocks to make snowballs may be useful, especially against blazes, which are damaged by them.

Enter The Nether
When you first enter the Nether, you may be awestruck by the amazing structure of it. Don't get too caught up in the scenery, though, as the Nether is a dangerous place. For your first visit, the main threats will be falling, fire, and especially ghasts. The falling and fire can be handled in the usual ways, but watch out for sudden drops and holes, which may be hard to spot in the confusing netherrack landscape.

Your most immediate threat is probably going to be ghasts. (You may meet some magma cubes, but those are straightforward to kill. Don't mess with the zombie pigmen just yet!)

Therefore, your first order of business is to build a cobblestone shelter around your portal. This needs to be at least 5 high, but the portal itself can be part of the roof. Use iron bars for windows. Make sure to leave enough space for a crafting table and a chest or two. Don't forget the door, either - wood will do until you figure out where an outside button or lever won't be vulnerable to fireballs.

The second order of business is making the table and a chest, then stashing most of your supplies, anything you don't want to risk carrying with you. You may well be able to expand the shelter later, or dig out a larger living space, but protecting the portal comes first. Be cautious of leaving netherrack walls or even floor, as a stray fireball can blast netherrack away or set it on fire. Similarly, digging caves out of netherrack is easy, but then ghast fireballs can make a mess of your lair.

Special cases:
 * You may find yourself under fire from ghasts immediately upon entering the Nether. Don't panic, just concentrate on building a wall between you and the ghast, bouncing fireballs back when you can. Re-light your portal if needed, then extend your wall around the portal.
 * If your portal emerges floating over a lava lake, you'll get a few extra blocks of ledge at the bottom, but you'll still want to build that out into a platform, then continue building a path to safety. Then build a shelter there, and a new return portal within it. Deactivate the old portal before you use the new one, so that your portal in the Overworld will link to the new one.
 * If you manage to get hit with both of these at once... well, that seriously sucks, but it's not guaranteed unsurvivable. Try to bounce the fireballs back at the ghast in between placing cobblestone as above....

Ghasts are one of the hardest mobs to fight in Minecraft, mainly because of their floating ability and their long-ranged fireball, which does considerable damage (in Minecraft 1.0 and later, one direct hit can kill you, though armor will help). The fireballs are fairly easy to dodge, but they also tear up the landscape, not to mention setting it afire. The classic defense is to build a mini-shelter out of cobblestone, 3 blocks high with a ladder to let you poke your head (and bow) over the top, and preferably a 3&times;3 roof two squares above that.

As mentioned above, the best way to take them out is with a bow and arrows; however, you can also repel their fireball back at them by left-clicking on it as it approaches you (if you manage to hit them with their own fireball, the ghast will be killed, and you'll get the "Return to Sender" Achievement.) Be forewarned that this takes practice, so don't expect to use this method as your sole defense against Ghasts. A final note about Ghasts: aiming and hitting them can sometimes be challenging. Their hitbox is the bottom half of their model (their tentacles), so hitting their 'head' doesn't damage them. On the other hand, if you manage to catch one from above, you can shoot through their head to hit the vulnerable tentacles!

Resources found in the Nether:
 * Netherrack, soul sand, gravel, lava, glowstone are all freely available. Note that while you can pillar-jump to mine a high glowstone formation, a little exploration may find you some more accessible veins of the stuff.
 * Red mushroom, brown mushroom, are likewise found scattered about.
 * Ghasts sometimes drop ghast tears and/or gunpowder.
 * Magma cubes can drop magma cream.
 * Zombie pigmen sometimes drop rotten flesh and gold nuggets. Since 1.2, they can drop golden swords, gold ingots and golden helmets. However, attacking these is unwise until you're prepared to handle a lot of them - see the monster page for details.

Once you find a Nether fortress, it will contain several other resources:
 * nether bricks, nether brick fences, nether brick stairss.
 * Nether wart, which you can grow on soul sand. As of 1.3, you can even grow it back in the Overworld, provided you brought back some soul sand.
 * Blazes sometimes drop blaze rods.

Exploring The Nether
When exploring the Nether, there are a few things to remember:
 * Hostile mobs are common, and can spawn anywhere there is space. Luckily, what are perhaps the two most dangerous Nether mobs - ghasts and blazes - have special spawning needs. Ghasts require a 5*5*5 space to spawn, and blazes only spawn from blaze spawners (and only below light level 12). Zombie pigmen are common as well, and can get in your way or push you off ledges.
 * Be generous about laying down cobblestone paths and putting up ghast-shelters preemptively. If you need more cobblestone, go back to the overworld and get more.
 * If you die in the Nether, you will respawn back in the Overworld (beds in the Nether explode when you try to sleep in them). As long as you stay in the Overworld, Nether time is frozen. In particular, you can take all the time you want to re-equip yourself and plan; when you do go back, if you can get from the portal to your death site within 5 minutes, you may well be able to retrieve anything not lost to fire, lava, explosions and (your own) cacti. If you're playing in multiplayer, this may not apply - if there are other players nearby in the Nether, they can keep the chunk loaded and the clock running.  Also, they might save and/or steal your items!
 * Navigation is tough:
 * Compasses and clocks will spin wildly, (although the day/night cycle continues while in the Nether), and maps made in the overworld don't work either.
 * You can craft a map in the Nether. (Don't use shift-click to retrieve your map!)  However, such a map will only show the bedrock "roof", and the direction indicator spins randomly, so it's not nearly as useful as an overworld map.  On the other hand, the marker is in the correct location on the map, which helps a bit (naturally, you should make the map next to your portal, so it will be centered there). It also helps keep track of where you've been.
 * When exploring, try to keep going in one direction until you reach an impassable obstacle (wall, cliff, lava lake), and leave a trail of markers along the path from your base, so you can easily find your way back. Dirt and torches are recognizable, but Jack-o-lanterns let you point the direction to your base (all the above are vulnerable to ghast fireballs, but unlike torches, Jack-o-lanterns will remain if the netherrack supporting them is blown away.) Cobblestone arches (as well as any paths you've made) also work well as they resist Ghast fireballs, are easily distinguishable from surrounding Netherrack, and can be positioned so that passing through them orients you to the direction you came.
 * The debug screen providex your coordinates and facing—this is also helpful for choosing where to place a new gate back to the overworld.
 * Netherrack blocks have an L on the top face that can help you orient yourself (see the block page for details).
 * This cannot be restated enough: Be sure to build a base. This way, if you accidentally attack a mob of zombie pigmen or have a ghast on your trail, you won't run back to your base only to realize that it consists of an exposed Nether Portal and nothing else. Again, as ghast fireballs can blow large holes in Netherrack walls, you should construct your base out of cobblestone, stone, or, for a decorative look, stone bricks. Not only do these blocks have the necessary blast resistance to withstand a ghast fireball, they also are not found naturally in the Nether. This makes it much easier to identify your base from a distance.

Nether Fortresses
If you are lucky enough to stumble upon a Nether fortress while exploring, it is a good idea to make sure you have the necessary supplies to gather its many resources. To see all the features of the Nether Fortresses visually, try this video here. So, head back to your base, or even back to the Overworld, and get, at a minimum, a stone pickaxe, an iron sword and lots and lots of food. There are a few things that are of the utmost importance when exploring a Nether Fortress:
 * Explore the Nether Fortress thoroughly. You might not find much, but every once in a while there will be a Nether Wart plantation, or a Blaze Spawner. These are great finds as only place you may find these is in the fortress. Details on Nether Wart Farms can be found on the Nether Wart Farming page.
 * When exploring a Nether Fortress, always place torches to your right - that way when you want to get out you just make sure that the torches are on your left.
 * If you find a Blaze Spawner, make sure you place a lot of torches around it unless you want to farm Blaze Rods, Blazes can't spawn with light level > 11, so simply placing torches on the spawner won't stop them from spawning.
 * If you come across a Nether Wart plantation, collect as many (if not all) of them as you can, and then go back to your base and create a Nether Wart farm by planting it on top of Soul Sand. Placed Nether Wart does not grow in the Overworld You must be less than 150 blocks away in the Nether for it to grow. As of 12w27a, Nether Wart grows in the Overworld and The End.
 * You may well want to build a portal leading back to the overworld from the fortress.

Surviving in the Nether
Turns out it wasn't enough for you to explore the Nether. You've decided it looks like a nice place to live. So, what do you need to survive here?

Food/Supplies
As of 1.1, Oak trees can drop apples, so a tree farm provides both wood and food. If you don't plan to return to the Overworld regularly, you will also need wood for tools and torches. However, trees need space to grow - and Ghasts need space to spawn. However, Ghasts, contrary to popular belief, spawn on blocks, and no mob can spawn on trasparent blocks. Since Ghasts are large, you can place blocks to interrupt their spawning. You can scatter slabs, glass and glowstone around the floor of your tree farm. You can plant saplings with glowstone adjacent and blocks with slabs on top of the diagonal blocks. You can do this in rows for max efficiency. Also, if you're low on glowstone, Jack o' Lanterns are useful, as are torches under glass. For the saplings to grow you need them to be well lit. You also need 4 blocks of air above the sapling. Using this method of tree farming, you can have a large enclosure for mass wood farming without Ghasts!

As of recent versions, pumpkins/melons can be grown from a stalk onto dirt. You can use pistons to make a large melon farm or pumpkin farm in the nether.

Wheat can be farmed in the Nether, but to do this efficiently, instantly place seeds after harvesting the wheat. Do this quickly so the farmland cannot degrade to dirt. Another good idea is to have a hoe on your hotbar to re-till any blocks that revert to dirt.

A good way to get meat is to spawn chickens in a 1x1 tube with no corners. Chickens can't leave but you can gather the eggs by standing where the corners should be. You can use these eggs to grow/kill/cook chickens, or to make cakes if you brought milk. Cows and pigs can also be farmed in the Nether, but take more space.

Don't let your farm animals run loose, as if they bump into a Ghast, they can trigger a bug that will start the ghast machine-gunning you through walls, which will probably kill you.

Obtaining ice could have been done in earlier versions, but due to silk touch being nerfed, water in the Nether is impossible without mods or hacks.

Lava
Lava is most prevalent in the Nether, and is in huge lakes (a sea of lava is near the bottom) rivers, and falls from the ceiling. You must be very careful around lava as Water buckets will not work in the Nether, however, through inventory hacking or the Silk Touch enchant, you can obtain and place ice, which will melt into water. Also, lava spreads much farther in the Nether (7 blocks from the source) than in the Overworld (3 blocks) A good way of crossing lava is to make a Potion of Fire Resistance. while this potion is active, you will be able to swim through lava without taking damage.

If you can find and reach a lava-flow's source block, you can bucket it just like in the overworld. Otherwise, use the Netherrack around you to direct lava away from you. Iron bars will also block lava, and are more durable under fire from Ghasts. As always, if you mine upwards, then watch for dripping red. The drip itself will not damage you, but if you mine a dripping block, lava will come down. If you wish to get rid of lava flowing from the ceiling (in your way, or immediate hazard), you will have to block jump up to the source (or simply aim at the ceiling), and cover the hole with any non-flammmable block. (If it's flowing straight down from a flat ceiling, you may need an extra block next to the flow to place the dam.)  One must be extremely careful about the placement of the block, however—if misplaced, the block can just spread the lava wider.

Cobblestone Base
Making a small base around your portal is a must, but making it out of Netherrack is not safe, as Ghasts can destroy Netherrack quite easily. Probably the best thing to use is Cobblestone. Cobble is very common in the Overworld and is completely Ghast-proof. Later on, you can start to make nice houses and bigger bases in the Nether, but for now, a cobble room with the portal and a chest (probably a crafting table) is sufficient. The chest is important if you don't wish to lose too many of your items if you happen to die. The only necessities are a pickaxe and sword (iron), food, bow and arrows, dirt or cobblestone for stopping lava, a flint and steel and a shovel for soul sand and gravel. The rest of the items, or extra food can be stored in the chest.

To prevent mobs from spawning in your Nether home/base, you can use transparent items or half-blocks as the floor. However, mobs can spawn on the Nether Portal.

Zombie Pigmen
See Zombie Pigmen

Zombie Pigmen are very common in the Nether and roam in packs of 4-10. They are neutral mobs, meaning that they won't attack unless you attack them. However, if you attack one zombie pigman in a group, like wolves, the whole group will swarm you, which spells certain death for you. There is a set distance, 32 blocks, around the Pigman that is attacked, that designates the area in which other Zombie Pigmen will become hostile to you, if you are in that area. It is recommended to leave them alone, but if you want Gold Nuggets, or to increase your level (killing many Zombie Pigmen will give you a lot of experience), you can attack the Pigmen in various, safe ways. Also, if you have to attack the Zombie Pigmen, make sure there isn't much (or even better, no) lava or fire surrounding you. You will probably have to move around a lot to fight all of them at once, and distractions will only make it worse. NOTE, Zombie Pigman wield and carry golden swords, but they usually only drop Rotten Flesh and Gold Nuggets (although, very rarely, they will drop either Golden Ingots, Helmets, or Swords)
 * 1) . Bow and Arrows- Using a bow, you can pick off Zombie Pigmen one at a time at a safe distance.
 * 2) . Separation- Isolate the pigmen and kill them, but make sure they are far away from any other pigmen, or else they will attack you. Time consuming, but safer than the bow-method.
 * 3) . Diamond sword, diamond (or iron) armor, and full hunger bar- If you have a diamond sword (preferably enchanted with something like Knockback, which will help for fighting groups), a full set of diamond or iron armor, and you are regenerating, you may be able to beat the whole group. NOTE, this is not recommended as, if you die, you lose a diamond sword, and a full set of armor.
 * 4) . Healing Splash Potions- Saw a large group of pigmen? Feel lucky?  Throw some potions in the crowd! Note: you need sword to dispatch survived pigmen Note #2: one splash potion can heal you for  HP, and also damage the Zombie Pigmen by the same amount.  So you need 3 potions to reduce them to  HP, or 4 potions to kill them.
 * 5) . Cacti- It is possible to create a cacti fence in the nether by placing some sand and cacti blocks. You can them bump into zombie pigmen to push them into the cacti until they die and drop items.  If you are careful not to actually attack them (no clicking!), the nearby pigmen will stay neutral.

Ghasts
See Ghast

As said before, they shoot deadly fireballs at you when you're in their sight of 100 blocks, so stay very far away from them. Cobblestone is effective in neutralizing their fireballs. In emergencies, one can change the Difficulty setting to "Peaceful" to avoid a Ghast attack. Pro tip: when the magma bomb is within Steve's reach, aim at the ghast and punch. As long as the fire ball is in your FOV you can hit the ghast. NOTE: If surrounded by multiple Ghasts, constantly hitting attack whilst aiming at a Ghast will throw all magma bombs in that direction, regardless of which direction they are coming from (they still need to be within reach).

Blazes
See Blaze

Although they are not common in the "general" Nether, there are Blaze spawners in Nether Fortresses. A great way to kill them is to use the nether brick from the dungeon and build a casing over the spawner so you can see through a one block hole and either pick them off with your bow and arrows or use a sword, preferably a sword enchanted with Knockback.

Magma Cubes
See Magma Cube

Magma Cubes are cube-like mobs that spawn in the Nether, generally near lava (hence the name Magma Cubes). They look like burnt slimes with yellow eyes, and seem to have springs under them (they jump fairly high and the "springing" is visible). Their properties are much like slimes, as killing a large one results in 4 medium-sized ones, once killed yield 4 small ones. The small Magma Cubes drop magma cream (since Minecraft update 1.1) and experience when killed. You can actually prevent magma cubes from spawning in your base. You can make the floor out of transparent blocks so they can't spawn.

Brewing
See Brewing

Many resources in the Nether are essential for brewing potions. Nether Wart can be found in Nether Fortresses and is used to create an Awkward Potion, the base for most potions. Blaze rods can be acquired from killing blazes, which only spawn from spawners in Nether Fortresses. Blaze rods are used in crafting a Brewing Stand where all potions are brewed. They may also be crafted down into Blaze Powder, which can be brewed into a strength potion or combined with a slime ball to make Magma Cream. Magma Cream can also be dropped when the player kills Magma Cubes. Glowstone is acquired in the nether, and when brewed with any regular potion it will increase potency (From Poison to Poison II). Gold nuggets dropped by Zombie Pigmen are used to make Glistering Melon, which is used to make instant health potions. Ghast tears are from killed ghasts and help to create regeneration potions. Some ingredients, however, are impossible to get in the nether (without creative mode or mods), such as sugar, which is used to make swiftness potions, because sugar cane must grow next to water, and water is unobtainable in the nether. Spider eyes are also impossible to get because spiders don't spawn in the nether. You cannot get Redstone because it is only found in the Overworld at low levels.

Portal Travel
The Overworld and the Nether is linked by a factor of 8 (3 in the Xbox 360 Edition), meaning if you create another portal in the Nether and go back to the overworld, the distance you traveled in the Nether is multiplied by eight. Therefore, you can create multiple portals linked to portals in the Nether allowing you to "fast-travel". However, linking Nether portals has a trick and is explained in more detail in the Nether Portal page.