Redstone circuits/Miscellaneous

This article covers types of circuits with insufficient content to justify their own articles.

Redstone Torch Circuits
One can make a circuit without anything but stone, redstone dust, and redstone torches. Here's how:


 * 1)  Place one block and another so that it is three blocks away from the other (straight across).
 * 2)  Place two redstone torches facing the middle spaces.
 * 3)  Place dust around the torches, then on top of the blocks. If you do this and the torches burn out, replace one.

You should have a working loop then!

ABBA circuit
An ABBA circuit has one input and multiple outputs. When the input turns on, the outputs turn on in order (e.g., A then B), but when the input turns off, the outputs turn off in reverse order (e.g., B then A).

The timing of the output activation and deactivation can be changed by adjusting the delay on the repeaters.

All of these designs can be extended indefinitely.

Earliest Known Publication: 5 July 2011 (basic concept), 20 June 2012 (Floor ABBA), and 18 July 2012 (Ceiling ABBA).

Block update detector
The Block Update Detector switch, or BUD, detects any time an adjacent block receives an update. An update is anything that changes that block's state: block placed, destroyed, door opened, repeater delay changed, cake eaten, grass growing, snow falling, furnace used (or turns off), and so on (chests opened and crafting tables used do not cause updates, sleeping in a bed does). When a block is updated, all adjacent blocks are also eligible for an update, and this can be used to produce a redstone signal or for other purposes.

BUDs have been used for all kinds of things, from traps to detecting daylight to locking mechanisms on hidden doors.

Current BUD switches take advantage of a quirk where pistons can receive power, but not updates, from blocks adjacent to the space the piston head occupies when extended. That is: blocks adjacent to the extended state and not adjacent to the retracted state provide power to extend the piston, but as they are not adjacent to the retracted state do not cause the piston to update when that power state changes.

There are many models of auto resetting BUDs. This is done by having the firing of the BUD switch somehow cause the BUD switch to restore the pre-fired state often when fired it cuts the power to the piston, allowing it to retract. This is done either by extra circuitry or, as in the example below, by the properties of blocks themselves.


 * Glass-and-Sand BUD


 * 1&times;3&times;4 (12 block volume)
 * 1-wide


 * The sticky piston should be activated by quasi-connectivity, but it doesn't know that yet. When a block next to the piston is updated, the piston "notices" it should activate, and extends. However, that pushes a block of glass into the sand's place, so the piston is no longer activated by quasi-connectivity. Accordingly, the piston retracts, resetting the circuit. This circuit outputs an off-pulse; invert the output for a regular on-pulse.


 * Earliest Known Publication: 28 December 2011


 * Boat-Plate BUD


 * 1&times;2&times;4 (8 block volume)


 * When placed on the sand, the boat will overlap the pressure plate, powering the block below which should activate the piston by quasi-connectivity. When the piston is updated, it will push the sand and boat up, unpowering the plate and block, deactivating the piston again. By the time the boat lands on the pressure plate, the piston has stopped checking for activations, resetting the circuit.


 * Boats are easily moved by passing mobs (including players) -- only use this BUD in areas where mob movement is absent.


 * Slimeblock BUD


 * 1&times;1&times;4 (4 block volume)
 * 1-wide


 * The piston should be activated by quasi-connectivity, but doesn't react until updated. It takes 1 tick to give an output but 0 ticks to reset itself, so its a powerful and easy BUD.

Multiplex circuit
A multiplex circuit transmits multiple signals on a single transmission line by using a control line to choose which signal should be transmitted or received. The control line may be either clocked, to transmit the signals sequentially, or selection, to simply choose which signal to transmit.

A multiplex circuit may consist of a multiplexer, a relay, or both.

Multiplexer
A multiplexer (aka "mux") or multiplexor (both are correct) is a device that selects one of two or more inputs and outputs the selected input. This multiplexer can be chained together, allowing for multiple bit multiplexing.

For these designs, the inputs are labelled A and B. C is the "control" input: whether A or B passes through depends on whether C is powered or not.


 * AND-Gate Mux
 * 3&times;5&times;3 (45 block volume), silent
 * circuit delay: 2 ticks


 * When C is off, the A input can pass through but the B input is suppressed. When C is on, the B input can pass through but the A input is suppressed.


 * Horizontal Dust-Cut Mux
 * 3&times;3&times;3 (27 block volume)
 * circuit delay: 0 ticks


 * While the block is moving, both A and B can pass through at the same time -- in practice, this just means the transition takes 1.5 ticks when going from a high signal to a low, and instantly for all other cases.


 * Piston Mux
 * 4&times;4&times;2 (32 block volume), flat
 * circuit delay: 1 tick


 * Vertical Piston Mux
 * 1&times;4&times;6 (24 block volume), 1-wide
 * circuit delay: 1 tick

Demultiplexor
AKA "demultiplexer" or "demultiplexor" (both are correct), or "DEMUX".

The demultiplexor is the reverse of the multiplexer. It allows you to have one input be sent to either of one of two or more different outputs. Here is a schematic of a demultiplexer with 4 outputs. 'I' represents the input, 'S' represents the selectors and 'f' the outputs. The two selector wires,holding a two digit binary number (2 wires = 2 digits), are passed to a decoder which passes. If the input wire is on, then the output wire of the demultiplexer corresponding to the output of the decoder will turn on. For example, if the input is on and the binary number 10b is passed onto the select wires (S0=on,S1=off.Start count at zero!), then the decoder will turn on the third wire (10 in binary is two,but because we start count at zero it will be the third). An AND operation is performed between the input wire of the demultiplexer and each of the outputs of the decoder. As I said earlier because both the input wire and only the 3rd output of the decoder is on, only the third output of the whole demultiplexer will be on. Demultiplexers are used as decoders with the option to have ALL outputs turned off (done by turning off the input wire). The two schematics on this page are those of a 2 bit demultiplexer. A demultiplexor is not a relay. A relay is an old electronic component that was replaced by transistors in the 70s. Even though a 1-pole relay is the same as a 2 bit demultiplexer, a more complex demultiplexer would be made of many relays (and in the current century of transistors). The closest thing in Minecraft resembling a relay or transistor is the Redstone torch.

Random number generator
A random number generator (aka RNG, or "randomizer") is a circuit that can generate numbers with no recognizable pattern.

The RNGs below depend on the stack maximums of the items they push:
 * A 64-stackable item is any item with a stack maximum of 64 items (for example, sticks, cobblestone, etc.).
 * A 16-stackable item is any item with a stack maximum of 16 items (for example, signs, snowballs, ender pearls, etc.).
 * A non-stackable item is any item which cannot be stacked (for example, tools, weapons, armor, boats, etc.).


 * Analog 2-RNG


 * 1×3×2 (6 block volume), 1-wide, flat, silent
 * circuit delay: 3 ticks (rising) and 1 tick (falling)


 * Outputs either power level 1 or 3 while on, power level 0 while off.


 * When the input turns on, the dropper will randomly choose to push either the stackable item or the non-stackable item into the hopper, causing the comparator to output either power level 1 or 3. Because the powered dropper is a solid/opaque block, it will also deactivate the hopper, preventing it from pushing the item back to the dropper until the input turns off.


 * The output power level can be used as is (for example, to subtract 1 or 3 from a comparator in subtraction mode), but more often the output is connected to a line of two redstone dust so that the output is 0 or not 0 (to randomly power a repeater, activate a mechanism component, etc.).


 * Variations: If the dropper is powered indirectly (for example, by quasiconnecitvity or an adjacent powered block), the hopper won't be deactivated and will immediately push the item back into the dropper. This turns the circuit into a monostable rising edge detector with a 3.5-tick output pulse (still with a random power level of 1 or 3).


 * With only two items in the dropper, both output power levels will be chosen with equal probability. The probability of the output levels can be changed by adding additional stackable and non-stackable items to the dropper (which must all be different from each other so they won't stack). For example, with two different stackable items and three different non-stackable items, the RNG will output power level 1 40% of the time and power level 3 60% of the time.


 * Earliest Known Publication: 14 March 2013


 * Analog 3-RNG


 * 1×3×3 (9 block volume), 1-wide, silent
 * circuit delay: 3 ticks (rising) and 1 tick (falling)


 * Outputs power levels 1, 2, or 4 while on, power level 1 while off (but see variations below).


 * When building this circuit, wait until the hopper is deactivated by the powered dust before putting five 16-stackable items in its far right slot. Then put a 64-stackable item, a 16-stackable item, and a non-stackable item in the dropper.


 * Before the input turns on, the hopper's five 16-stackable items are enough to produce a power level 1 output from its comparator (even a single 64-stackable item would be enough for that). These five items should never be returned to the dropper, so the comparator's output will never drop below power level 1.


 * When the input turns on, the dropper will push an item into the hopper, which will be placed in the hopper's left slot. It takes 23 64-stackable items (or five 16-stackable items and three 64-stackable items, or six 16-stackable items) to produce power level 2, so if the 64-stackable item is pushed that won't be enough to increase the output power level, but if the 16-stackable item is pushed the output power level will increase to 2. And if the non-stackable item is pushed, the output power level will increase to 4.


 * The hopper is held deactivated by the powered dust when the circuit is off, and by the powered dropper when the circuit is on. But, when the input turns off, there is a brief 1-tick moment when the dropper has just turned off, but the torch attached to it hasn't turned on again. This allows the hopper to activate for 1 tick, pushing an item back into the dropper. A hopper always pushes items from its left slots first, so the hopper will push back the item the dropper pushed into it, rather than any of the 16-stackable items in its far right slot, allowing the circuit to reset itself.


 * Variations: You can remove one of the items from the dropper to create a 2-RNG with different power level outputs than the regular 2-RNG: removing the 64-stackable item outputs power levels 2 or 4, removing the 16-stackable item outputs power levels 1 or 4, and removing the non-stackable item outputs power levels 1 or 2.


 * You can add additional redstone dust leading from the hopper to a block next to it, and then down to the side of the comparator. This 2-wide variation will keep the comparator's output off while the input is off.


 * With only three items in the dropper, all three output power levels will be chosen with equal probability. The probability of the output levels can be changed by adding additional 64-stackable, 16-stackable, and non-stackable items to the dropper (which must all be different from each other so they won't stack). For example, with one 64-stackable item, one 16-stackable item, and two different non-stackable items, the RNG will output power level 1 25% of the time, power level 2 25% of the time, and power level 4 50% of the time.


 * Additional items can be added to the hopper to increase all of the output power levels.


 * Earliest Known Publication: 16 April 2013


 * Analog 16-RNG
 * 5×8×4 (160 block volume)
 * circuit delay: 8.5 ticks


 * Outputs power levels 0 to 15 while on, power level 0 while off.


 * Uses four 2-RNGs to subtract 1, 2, 4, and/or 8 from 15.


 * Reducing the number of 2-RNGs reduces the possible outputs: three 2-RNGs produces an 8-RNG, and two 2-RNGs produces a 4-RNG (the exact power levels depend on the power level provided to the subtraction comparators).


 * Earliest Known Publication: 10 June 2013



Random selector


A random selector is a circuit that selects an available output at random.

The random selector (right) depends on the random flight of an item from a dropper.

The input (button) in this random selector turns off the torch, deactivating the piston. It also powers a redstone dust directed into the block, powering the repeater and activating the dropper. The piston then reactivates to push the stuck item (if any). A hopper collects the item and puts it back into the dropper, activating a comparator.

Earliest Known Publication: 24 September 2014