Terrain features

This page lists generated terrain features that are created in a Minecraft world.

Hills
Hills can contain extreme slopes, cliffs and caves containing emerald ore. On an amplified world, hills are extremely common in all biomes except oceans.

Mountains
Mountains are high elevation terrain that has jagged peaks and higher land. They also contain emerald ore, but the higher it gets, the more emerald ore generates there (mountain biomes only).

Cliffs
Cliffs are steep vertical slopes that can sometimes generate beside an ocean or a big lake.

Fjord
Fjords happen when rivers cut through high-medium elevation terrain and thus, creating a fjord. Rivers are deeper here than usual.

Floating island
Floating islands are structures that float in mid-air. Floating islands are normally just small chunks of floating dirt and stone found near cliffs, but on rare occasions they can be large structures that even have springs and trees on them. Floating islands are most frequently found in windswept hills biomes and their variants, as well windswept savannas.

Hollows
Hollows are the opposite of floating islands. They look like caves, but they have nothing to do with cave generation (although they may intersect with them). When there are many overhangs, they close together and create a hollow. They have exactly the same floor as the terrain above, depending on the biome that they are located in, unlike caves. Hollows have no specific floor. Grass blocks can generate inside too and survive without light. When they generate under the sea level, they are filled with water. They are extremely rare in the default world. Can be found far more commonly in certain customized worlds.

Hill
Hills are randomly generated pieces of land on the map. Like stairs, hills are always traversable to their lowest point by virtue of the algorithm that generates them; there is almost always a place on each level from where the next level can be accessed, meaning that the player can climb a hill one level at a time until they reach the top. Cases where this is not true are rare.

Surface layer
The uppermost layers of the terrain are converted to a biome-dependent material: usually grass blocks and dirt, or sand in deserts and beaches. Podzol is found in giant tree taiga, mycelium in mushroom field biomes, and red sand is found in the badlands biome. Sandstone is generated under the sand.

Basin
Occasionally, instead of being converted to dirt or sand, the top layer is stripped away, leaving a 'basin' of bare stone. They occur more often in forests or plains and occasionally contain water. Commonly, minerals can be found in these, generally coal ore and iron ore. If generated in a Badlands biome, gold ore can also be seen.

Hoodoo
Hoodoos are tall spike-like structures found in badlands, consisting of six colors of terracotta. While this structure is found exclusively in eroded badlands, all badlands biomes actually have this structure, but set to false except for eroded badlands and can occasionally pass altitude layer 100.

Large lake
Since water generates on the surface of the world below y=63, land it covers can turn into large lakes. These lakes are often quite shallow, and are never more than a few blocks deep. Large lakes generate pockets of sand, gravel, and clay on the lake floor, also known as disks. When large lakes generate near the shore they can turn into small bays. Unlike rivers, there is no seagrass on the lake bed.

Coral reef
Coral reefs are structures that consist of corals, coral fans, coral blocks and sea pickles. In Bedrock Edition, the coral reefs can also consist of dead corals, dead coral fans and dead coral blocks.

Large structures

 * Caves – large tunnels found underground in the overworld and nether.
 * Canyons – deep long cracks

Small structures

 * Bee nests: Generate on a small amount of oak and birch trees in various biomes, containing three bees.
 * Blob: Blobs of a certain type of ore or mineral.
 * Disks: Small circular patches of clay, sand, and gravel found underwater.
 * Ore vein: A long streak of ore and rock.
 * Spring: A water or lava source block that generates on the side of a hill, cave or ravine.
 * Random patch: naturally generating clusters of plants or fungi such as grass, ferns and flowers.
 * Forest rock: Boulder made entirely of mossy cobblestone found in giant tree taiga.
 * Ice spike: tall spires made of packed ice found in the ice spikes biome.
 * Iceberg: hill-like ice structures made out of ice, blue ice, packed ice, and snow found in frozen ocean.
 * Dripstone cluster: Stalagnate composed entirely of dripstone blocks.
 * Amethyst geode: Geodes of amethyst also consist of calcite and smooth basalt as outer layer found underground.
 * Leaf clay: clay patches with dripleaves found in lush caves, has dry and pool variant, pool variant looks like a pond.

Lava sea
Lava seas are found at and below level 31 in the Nether. They make a large portion of the Nether and are extremely common. They can stretch for hundreds of blocks in any direction, and are usually bordered by netherrack, or occasionally soul sand, gravel and/or magma blocks. Striders can spawn in lava seas.

Unlike with Overworld oceans, lava seas are not handled as a biome.

Nether basins
In the nether, basins generate the same size and shape as they do in the Overworld. Unlike their Overworld counterparts, however, Nether basins replace the ground with netherrack instead of stone. Nether basins can also expose ores, mainly nether quartz ore and nether gold ore.

Notably, basins generate independent of the y-coordinate; if a basin generates in an overhang in the Nether, an identical basin is guaranteed to generate at the exact same x and z coordinates on the ground below such an overhang.

For the following structures, please click on the links.

Central island
The center of the End is a large, asteroid-like island composed entirely of end stone, floating in the void. At a distance of 1000 blocks away, an endless expanse of more islands begins, away from the main island. These consist of large islands, about the size of the main island, and smaller ones, which are usually thin and small.

Outer island
The outer end islands are found 1000 blocks away from the central island. They vary in size from large islands to smaller "mini islands". Generated structures such as End cities and End ships spawn here, along with chorus trees and basins. The player can be taken to the end islands through the End gateway.

End Spike
End spikes are generated structures that are made of obsidian.

Obsidian platform
The obsidian platform is a square of obsidian that generates when a player enters the End.

Exit portal
A portal that takes you back to the Overworld.

End basins
Basins in the End generate as they would in the Overworld and the Nether, with the exception being that they never expose any ores. End basins may generate on both the central island and outer islands, and chorus trees may occasionally take root in them.

Technical details
Features are generated for a given chunk after the terrain has been formed. The chunk format includes a tag called that indicates whether features whose point of origin is in that chunk have been generated. If it is false or missing, they generate again. Feature generation is based on what is already in the chunk, so (for example) flagging a chunk that has already been populated for repopulation approximately doubles the amount of ore in it.

When features are generated, they can spill over into neighboring chunks that have been previously generated. Thus, a tree at the edge of the generated world (and probably visible only via external tools) may be overwritten by a lake before the player reaches it. It is also theoretically possible for two worlds generated with the same seed, from the same version of Minecraft, to differ slightly depending on the players' travel routes, because the chunk generation order may determine which of two conflicting features overwrite or suppress the other.