Non-renewable resource

A non-renewable resource (as opposed to a renewable resource) is a resource that can be obtained in survival without exploiting glitches or using commands, but can't be recreated indefinitely without doing so. While running out of most resources isn't likely to be a factor due to massive size of an Minecraft map, this is a list of resources that can't be produced indefinitely without eventually having to explore more terrain.

Most non-renewable resources aren't renewable because they can be only obtained through crafting recipes which consume non-renewable items, others can only be obtained by finding them as naturally generated blocks, in structure loot chests or as a drop from certain enemies which don't respawn; Elder guardians, Illagers and shulkers, which only spawn as a part of structure generation, and the Wither, which can only be spawned by using non-renewable soulsand.

Many normally renewable resources become non-renewable if playing on peaceful difficulty, as monsters do not spawn.

The degree of impact the non-renewability of a resource has on normal gameplay largely depends on how limited the resource in question is.

Very Common
While technically not renewable, these resources or their non-renewable raw materials are so common in the default world generation that they are unlikely to be used up in even in relatively small areas of the map, assuming they contain the appropriate biomes. Their non-renewability may be more important in custom maps.

Common
While these resources are still common, players may be pushed to explore further to find more, especially if multiple players are collecting them. In many cases they aren't truly exhausted, but collecting the remaining material is far harder than simply exploring for more. For example nether quartz generates throughout netherrack, but many players only harvest the veins visible from on cavern surfaces.

Rare
These resources are limited enough to force players wander far and wide to find them in any significant quantity, especially on servers.

Not Obtainable in Survival
These resources are not obtainable as items in Survival Minecraft, however they can be encountered and some even manipulated in survival.

Not Encountered in Survival
These resources cannot be accessed without using creative mode or commands.