Arrow

Arrows are ammunition for bows and dispensers. As of 15w31a, they can imbue status effects on players and mobs.

Skeletons
Skeletons may drop between 0 to 2 arrows upon death, and the maximum amount dropped can be increased by 1 per level of looting used. However, arrows shot by a skeleton cannot be picked up.

Trading
Villager fletchers will sell 8 to 12 arrows for 1 emerald as part of their tier 1 trades.

Natural generation
Dispensers found in jungle temples contain arrows in stacks of 4 to 14.

Lingering potion cloud
Arrows shot through the cloud created by a Lingering potion will become tipped arrows.

Usage
When fired, arrows will fly in a ballistic trajectory affected by gravity and drag in air or water and will travel approximately 3 blocks when fired parallel to a flat plane with no charge, 15 blocks average with medium charge, and 24 blocks average with maximum charge. Arrows in water get much more drag than in air: they will move less than 8 blocks before completely losing horizontal speed and starting to fall straight down, however the knockback of the arrow is not affected. They also leave a trail of bubbles in their wake. Arrows (with bow at full strength) can travel 120 blocks when fired from the optimal angle. The maximum height an arrow fired by a bow can reach is around 66 blocks.

An arrow's damage is determined by its speed. When fired from a fully-charged bow, arrows do about of damage, with a small chance to damage for. They inflict about damage from a medium-charged bow, and about  from a bow with no charge. Arrows fired from dispensers do about of damage.

Immediately after hitting the target, there is a 0.5 second cooldown period during which the target will be immune to further damage. Arrows hitting the mob in this state will lose all speed and drop to the ground.

Arrows can be deflected by snowballs.

Arrows will also stick into objects they come in contact with and will remain there for exactly a minute before disappearing; the distance from the object and the angle determine how far into the target the arrow will go. Arrows that have been fired by the player or dispensers and stuck into terrain are retrievable and never break. Arrows shot by skeletons are special entities and cannot be collected.

If an arrow is stuck in a block and the block in which the arrow is stuck in is broken or disappears (e.g., leaves), then the arrow will fall straight down and damage entities below them.

Arrows can bounce off entities like minecarts and mobs immune to damage.

Arrows shot through lava (but not fire) will catch on fire and show an appropriate animation until they pass through water. Like arrows shot from a bow with the Flame enchantment, they can set other entities they hit on fire and ignite TNT.

Arrows shot at rails will stop a minecart from passing over that block until the arrow despawns or is collected.

An arrow shot at a boat or any kind of minecart will cause the vehicle to break, dropping any components (including container contents).

Redstone circuits
An arrow can activate a wooden button, wooden pressure plate, or tripwire. If the arrow sticks in the switch they will remain activated until the arrow despawns after one minute. Other switches are not affected by arrows.

When arrows are fired into the sides of blocks, they change their orientation to point more downwards than their original flight path might indicate. This can cause them to intersect and thus trigger switches above them that they didn't actually hit, or block rails above them.

Arrows shot into a repeater, comparator, or redstone lamp will shake when the redstone component goes from an off to an on state.

Explosions
Arrows are affected by explosions while they are in flight. Since explosions increase the speed of an arrow, they can also increase the damage dealt by them.

Upcoming
1.9 introduced 14 new types of arrows, for a current total of 15. Currently only the regular and spectral arrows are craftable. The regular arrow does not imbue a status effect and is unchanged from older versions.

Tipped arrows
There are 14 arrows based on potions which imbue a status effect lasting up to 3 minutes when hitting a mob or player. The duration is not affected by the power of the arrow. The status effect is the same as the regular power effect for the potion.

The types of arrow are:
 * Arrow of Regeneration
 * Arrow of Swiftness
 * Arrow of Fire Resistance
 * Arrow of Healing
 * Arrow of Night Vision
 * Arrow of Strength
 * Arrow of Leaping
 * Arrow of Invisibility
 * Arrow of Poison
 * Arrow of Weakness
 * Arrow of Slowness
 * Arrow of Harming
 * Arrow of Water Breathing
 * Arrow of Luck

Tipped arrows can be obtained via the Creative menu. Arrows corresponding to any potion may be obtained with the command. Most have unlocalized names along the lines of "tipped_arrow.effect.type", although the arrow tipped with a water bottle is named "Arrow of Splashing".

Tipped arrows can be customized like potions with a command such as.

Spectral arrow
The spectral arrow imbues the Glowing status effect for 10 seconds. The Glowing effect creates an outline of the target, which is visible through blocks, and colored based on the target's team (white by default).

Trivia

 * If an arrow is lodged in a block which has multiple states, it will dislodge itself when the block updates. This causes the arrow to shift slightly, and to replay the impact sound effect.
 * Arrows fired at Nether Portals will often skip through the portal block completely and fail to collide, thus continuing through to the opposite side of the block.
 * A tipped arrow with no potion effect (obtained via commands) will be called "Arrow of Splashing".

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