Tutorials/Mining

In the beloved world of Minecraft, mining is a Player's best friend. But one must not be an idiot while mining! Below are some great tips provided by the community.

Cave Mining
Also known as Cave Hunting. Cave Mining is simply the practice of exploring caves and extracting the ores found there. Ore veins are often found exposed along the walls, floors and ceilings of caves; this is especially true after update 1.2, when the incidence of ores in and near caves was increased (see Version History). Exploring a large cave system almost always results in finding large quantities of ore. Cave mining has a high return on investment, yielding more ore per time spent and requiring fewer tools (less pickaxe and shovel durability is lost mining stone, dirt and gravel) than other approaches.

On the other hand, cave mining is highly dangerous. Unexplored caves are dark and tend to contain many mobs; a sword, a bow and armor are practical necessities. The player should carry a large supply of torches to light up the cave and prevent extra mob spawns. Large cave systems can become confusing and special attention must be paid to navigation lest one quickly get lost. Moving through a cave too quickly makes it easy to miss unlit passages above or beside you, and carries the danger of stepping into an open shaft or falling into a lava pool. Portions of caves at level 11 and below are generally filled with lava. Because of these factors, players usually explore and light a cave first, then extract ores on the way back out, increasing the total time required and cutting down on mining efficiency.

The Cavern article contains tips on navigating large cave systems.

It is a good idea to carry a bucket of water. Caves often contain random lava flows, and cave areas below level 11 are filled with large lava pools. A bucket of water serves as both a fire extinguisher, if you fall in; and as a way to form obsidian surfaces over lava pools (pour water onto a stone block adjacent to a lava pool; do not stand between that spot and the lava).

If you are scared about death, put a chest near where you are mining, whenever you find ores like iron or gold or just have a useful item like a compass place them in the chest instead of carrying them, even if you die the chest will keep the items and you will have unlimited time to recover them

Recommended Items to Bring Along When Mining Caverns
1. A Pickaxe. If it is your first mining trip, mine some Cobblestone and make a Stone Pickaxe. If you are experienced, bring 2 Iron Pickaxes and at least 1 Diamond Pickaxe.

2. Torches. A full stack is recommended. Lighting the area around you can help you ward off mobs and find hidden ores.

3. Coal and Wood Planks. If you run out of torches or tools, you can make more torches or a crafting table. In emergencies, having a crafting table (or enough wood to make one), some sticks, and cobblestone can save your mining trip. For safety craft a Chest to save your ores, store extra food for extended dungeon drifting or drop cobblestone.

4. A Water Bucket. This will be for just in case you need to cool some lava to continue or create some Obsidian.

5. An Empty bucket. This could be used for collecting lava to use as fuel in a furnace, though this is only recommended if you have a large amount of ore to smelt, as it is a single use item and will last for a very long time (1000 seconds).

6. A Shovel. Having at least one Iron Shovel can let you get through dirt quickly without using your hands. Just 1 or 2 Stone Shovels should work.

7. A Sword. At least one Iron Sword and one Stone Sword. These will help you defend yourself against mobs.

8. A Bow. Make sure to bring a bow, so you can kill some mobs from long range and without getting too close.

9. Arrows. A Bow is almost worthless without arrows. This is your ammunition for your bow. It is suggested to have at least 32 arrows.

10.Food. Prolonged visits in mines will wear away your food meter. Bringing food will allow you to spend more time in the mine and recover stamina when attacked by mobs.

11. (Optional) Redstone Torches for marking routes.

Final Tips: Having armor of any kind can protect you from mobs.

Drifting
Caves often contain many dead-end passages and shafts. Many of these dead ends are actually thin barriers that, if removed, reveal continuing passages, sometimes into entire adjacent cave systems. Drifting is simply searching for adjacent caves by digging beyond apparent dead ends. Note that this increases the risk of getting lost. However you can help to orient yourself by placing your torches in a consistent manner, such as only on the right hand wall or floor while going deeper. In this way you can walk with the torches to your left when you wish to leave. You can also make a very noticeable and unique way to show where you came from, like placing a Redstone torch from the way you came.

Drifting can be effective in finding dungeons if there are mob sounds audible at a dead end.

Note: As of version 1.8 most dead ends have been removed although some still exist.

What do you need

 * Torches (c. 64 (a stack) for small journey, to 250 for escapade to huge cave system) (Note: Bringing stacks of sticks/boards/wood and coal is more efficient space-wise for more than 128 as you can craft them on the go). Redstone torches may also be used sparingly to supplement these, for marking routes or points of interest.
 * Cobblestone (you can take with you or collect on the spot; just in case you needed to ascend quickly or make a shelter; remember to keep high amount of it)
 * Gravel/Sand (useful while crossing lava lakes)
 * Ladder (can also be used while ascending)
 * Crafting table (in case you ran out of tools/torches)
 * Wood (very little, one stack at most) For making the aforementioned tools
 * Food (take enough food to heal 20-50 hearts) Also, as of 1.8, survival mode players now have a hunger bar. As long as this is kept relatively high your health will regenerate. If your health gets low you will need to eat to regain the health regeneration. However, if your hunger bar depletes completely you will begin to slowly lose health and may possibly die. Your hunger bar is depicted as something different depending on what texture pack you have, but in default it is some sort of food. This is located to the top right of the inventory bar. Along with the hunger bar, the 1.8 update also adds the ability to stack food, so food no longer takes up large amounts of inventory space.
 * Shovel (useful while digging; 1 shovel should be enough)
 * Pickaxe (you won't dig as much as usual mining; take at least one iron pickaxe and also 2-3 stone ones)
 * Water Bucket (if you fall in lava, you can use it to extinguish you)
 * Empty bucket (you can collect some lava with them)
 * Map (try to remember where did you enter, so if you're lost try to reach that place)

Mineshaft Mining
This is similar to cave mining, but takes place inside Abandoned Mine Shafts and resources are plentiful. This too has a great return on investment.

Compared to cave mining, the difficulties are that it's easier to get lost as mineshaft tunnels as they look very similar and pre-placed torches make it harder to know which places you have already explored. In addition, abandoned mine shafts contain cave spider spawners which are rather difficult to reach and destroy.

For upsides, due to pre-placed torches, the presence of hostile mobs is much lower. Since supports of tunnels are largely made out planks, the need to surface due to wood shortage is much lower. In addition, mineshafts contain broken sections of rails and treasure chests full of loot.

Shaft Mining
Also known as Vertical Mining and Shafting

Staircases
Staircase mining is a common mining technique for quickly reaching lower levels of the map while continuing to gather Stone. It essentially consists of mining downwards in such a way that the player can always climb back up to the mine entrance. This has the advantage of not requiring ladders or other means of getting back to the surface.

TNT Drop
A TNT drop is similar to the traditional method of digging a vertical tunnel to bedrock except for the fact that after dropping to bedrock you fill the tunnel with TNT and in this way raise yourself to ground level, where you ignite the TNT. The actual practicality of it is questionable, as the miner is digging straight down, however if he is interested in collecting the resources then it is usually accompanied by a side tunnel leading to the bottom which the miner can use after the explosion has occurred to collect the fallen ores.

Straight
The most basic strategy is to mine in a straight line at a 45° angle downwards, moving one block across for every block down. for added efficiency while climbing back up, dig out four blocks above each step instead of three. this way, you wont hit your head with each jump. Another good strategy to use is to place a torch every 10th block, this way you can know your elevation and when you are likely to encounter lava. To climb back up these stairs afterwards, you only need to hold down the jump key while moving forward.

After enough cobblestone (or wood) is collected, you can craft Stairs and place them at your downright tunnel. It will make the trip a lot smoother, easier and faster without any need to jump. Although an extra block from the ceiling of the staircase will need to be removed to accommodate the stairs.

Alternatively, you can dig diagonally. Face a corner, and imagine that the corner block is the missing block of a 2x2x2 cube. Now dig that cube. Repeat, adding torches at every step. This mines more resources while also providing the diagonal directions, as opposed to the cardinal directions. This method is very useful for obtaining cobblestone. As all of these strategies are simple and not very time-consuming, you will be able to get to bedrock very quickly. When you hit bedrock, you should go up 3 blocks and mine a huge, 2-block tall room. This is an effective way to get diamonds and all other ores.

Spiral
Spiral staircases are slightly more complicated since they have frequent turns, but have the advantage of leading straight down. They also have the benefit of being more contained and give you a more targeted dig. One design is a 3x3 horizontal grid. By digging one block down at a time, and moving around the perimeter of your 3x3 area, you will have enough head room as you move down the staircase. You can optionally leave the central column for a barrier or remove it to place ladders centrally, but it isn't necessary for the functionality of the staircase. You can also add stair blocks to this setup as well.

Spiral (2x2)

 * 1) Stand on the bottom-left block of your staircase. Dig one block down, so you have to hop to exit the stairs.
 * 2) Mine the block/s in front of you and the block beneath. Drop down.
 * 3) Turn 90 degrees. Periodically place torch above head when dark.
 * 4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 until desired result achieved.

Shaft mining
Shafts are mined vertical tunnels used to gain access to underground mining sites. They can be of any widths starting from 1x1 blocks.

1x2

 * 1) Pick a place where you want your shaft
 * 2) Mine a first block adjacent to the block you are standing at
 * 3) Step down
 * 4) Mine a block you were standing at and one below it
 * 5) Place a ladder every block (from the 1.5 update, you cannot go up ladders with gaps)
 * 6) Go to 2.1
 * 7) Continue in above pattern until you reach desired depth. From then on use a horizontal mining method of your choice

Mining in 1x1 shafts can be extremely dangerous. The safest vertical shaft is a 2x2, as it allows more of a view for safety and allows you to place torches opposite the ladders to light the shaft up.

3-in explosions
3-in explosion mining is the preferred method of using TNT to mine. You find a solid stone wall, mine 3 blocks inward, and then you place 1 block of TNT on the 3rd hollowed out space. Once placed, with flint and steel in hand, you LEFT-click it with the flint and steel and back up a few steps and QUICKLY block off the front of the hole with one block of stone. The explosion should create a perfect 4x3x3 hole. Repeat as desired.

A much faster (but risky) technique is mining in a small alcove, filling it with multiple units of TNT, and igniting it, creating a fairly large cavern.While this variation uncovers a large number of blocks at once, the explosions destroy most of the blocks, potentially including valuable ores, and the explosion can let a large amount of lava to leak in, making the cave hard to access and burning any blocks spared by the explosion.

Water-Drop Shaft
With a separate ascent shaft, getting to the bottom can be extremely fast; you simply fall into a water pit. Ascent is accomplished with a ladder. This arrangement can be accomplished by first stockpiling about 64 ladders along with 2 water-filled buckets, and then excavating a 3-block wide shaft. One side of the shaft becomes the water pit, while ladders are placed in the other side. The middle is then filled in to prevent falling outside the water pit while descending.

For detailed building instructions, see Vertical Mine Shaft With Water Drop.

UrsaArcadeus's Strategy
For those who are a fan of vertical mining, you can use this technique to maximize the area covered, while minimizing the cobblestone produced. This technique combines the ore coverage of strip mining with the cobblestone output of vertical shaft mining. First, find or make a flat plain. Dig a series of 2x1x1 pits in the following pattern:

Stand in each pit so that, if one block was to be mined, you'd still be standing on the other. Position the crosshairs so that, when one block is mined, you start mining the other block on that level in the pit. Once you reach the bottom of the map, used the collected cobblestone to make a column below you, so that you go back to the top of the shaft. Then seal the remaining hole with cobblestone. The pattern may be tesselated as needed to fill the area you are mining in. The top two by one cobblestone cap may be replaced with a material found on the surface, as to cover the evidence of a shaft. However, only do so once completely finished mining in that area, or you risk falling into your own pit.

Safety
Horizontal mining is not as dangerous as vertical. But there are some similar suggestions. Carry a water bucket and some blocks of some disposable, NON FLAMMABLE material (ex: sand, gravel, cobblestone) somewhere on your hot bar. A block can be used to quickly plug the leakage in cases of lava, and water can be poured over source lava to turn it into obsidian, as well as to put out fire.

Branch Mining
Branch mining consists of mining out side tunnels from an access shaft to expose as many blocks as possible with a minimum of blocks removed.

Variant 1
An effective technique if you want to find rare resources with minimal effort. It is basically mining down to any level, usually to bedrock, and then mining outwards to the sides, much like a tree with a trunk and branches.


 * 1) Use the staircase method to dig down to bedrock.
 * 2) Go up 2 blocks and fill any space below you mined out.
 * 3) Dig a 3x3 room.
 * 4) Dig a straight 2x1 tunnel in a straight line then dig out 20 blocks every 4th block.
 * 5) To further increase efficiency, you can end the 20-block tunnel by digging 4 blocks of an 1x1 tunnels as each of the mined block reveals more than a 2x1 tunnel.

This method is based on the relatively low probability of desirable blocks being created without any neighbors, so it will occasionally miss small/narrow ore deposits that fall entirely between the branches, but it covers ground faster, so you'll usually get more ore for your time. If you'd rather be sure of 100% coverage, see the Strip Mining section below. Diagram: X = Tunnel "Trunk" B = Branch S = Staircase B      B                 B       B           B       B                 B       B           B       B                 B       B           B       B                 B       B           B       B                 B       B           B       B                 B       B           B       B       XXX       B       B X X X X X X X X X X X X X XXX X X X X X X X X X X X X           B       B       XXX       B       B           B       B        S        B       B           B       B        S        B       B           B       B        S        B       B           B       B        S        B       B           B       B        S        B       B Each branch can be any length, but about 20 blocks long is a good length to begin with.

Variant 2
Unlike the first type of branch mining, this uncovers every block down a certain length of tunnel. It involves digging tunnels (usually 20 spaces long) either side of a two-block thick wall.


 * 1) Dig a room that is 7 blocks long, 10 blocks wide and 3 blocks high. Have your stairway/ladder in the middle of one of the 10 block walls, preferably 2 spaces wide.
 * 2) Starting in one of the corners, dig parallel to one of the walls of the room you just dug, for 20 spaces, placing a torch every 5 blocks.
 * 3) Then, dig another 20 block tunnel that has two blocks between it and the previous tunnel.
 * 4) Continue until you reach the other side of the room.

Diagram:

Key: A = Air B = Stone block S = Staircase T = Tunnel A A A A A A A A A A T T T T T                 A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B                  A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B                  A A A A A A A A A A T T T T T                  A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B                  A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B                  A A A A A A A A A A T T T T T                  T B B T S S T B B T                   T B B T S S T B B T                  T B B T S S T B B T                  T B B T S S T B B T                  T B B T S S T B B T

By utilizing this variant properly you can uncover all the blocks in quite a large area, and the mineral yields are quite high. Having the stairs 2 blocks wide allows for most efficient strip mining as they can be strip mined around. Also, a good length for each tunnel is 20 blocks long.

Advanced Branch Mining
This type of branch mining is an extended version of variant 2. By careful placement of corridors, more efficient mining becomes possible. The advanced branch mining lay-out is one such attempt at maximising the amount of visible blocks per block mined.(and in fact the best possible for horizontal corridors) The picture at the right is a side view of this simple tactic.

In most cases, the staircases would not be placed in the same z dimension, as that is inefficient when constructing through caves. Instead place the stairs slightly apart from one another. Two ladders placed vertically between the bottom of one tunnel and the top of another will also allow convenient access, making it a matter of personal choice of what should be used.

To most efficiently use Advanced Branch mining, proceed down a branch until you have used up half of your picks, or your inventory is half full. Then, mine your way to another branch and head backwards.

Simple Strip Mining
My technique is to take off the top 6 layers of a mountain completely. Continue until your mountain is entirely flat. TNT is useful for the first 5 layers, since the explosion will destroy only cobblestone for the most part.

Diagram: Key: A = Air B = Block L = Ground Lever

Step 1: A A A A A A A A A A         A A A A A A A A A A A A        A A A A A A A A A A A A A A        A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A        A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A      B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

First 5 layers are gone when you start mining.

Next couple steps are as shown:

A A A A A A A A A A         A A A A A A A A A A A A        A A A A A A A A A A A A A A        A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A        A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A      A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A    B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

A A A A A A A A A A         A A A A A A A A A A A A        A A A A A A A A A A A A A A        A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A        A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A      A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A    A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A  B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

This time consuming method is a useful tool for when you need minerals or a flat area. Mattplaz 23:42, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Quarry Mining




Quarry Mining is very similar to branch mining, sharing the prospect of taking all resources within an area. The difference between Quarrying and Branch Mining is that the process of Quarrying involves a large rectangular or square strip, continually mined downwards with a staircase running along the side. This method got its name by its similarity to real world quarry sites. Quarries are typically ceased when a large cave is discovered (This does not directly stop the excavation, it just makes it difficult to continue), the miner abandons the Quarry for another project, or the "end of the world" is reached.



The Construction of a Quarry is as follows:

1: Determine the size of the project, there is no standard so simply choose how big you want it to be, however it is advised that the area is large, to maximize resources within a single quarry. (A typical quarry can be 20x20 or 20x30, for example)

2: Begin Mining until the entire area is one block deep, save for one block which will become the stairs

3: Continue mining one block deep while keeping an extra block to extend the stairway, until the mine reaches bedrock or until you wish to abandon the project.

Example:

Key: - = Air B = Stone block S = Staircase

Top of mine:

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BSB B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

Next few levels down:

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B-B BSB B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B-B B-B BSB B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B B-B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

Although the yielded amount of cobblestone, dirt/sand, coal, iron, and to some extent gold, will be enormous, and the possibility of lava is very high, this is not the best method for mining diamond and lapis lazuli, because they're found only at the bottom of the map (Note: Diamonds and Lapis Lazuli CAN be mined using this method, but due to their rarity the placement of the quarry along with its size will determine the amount). This type of mining is suggested for getting large amounts of cobblestone, iron and coal, besides the ability to gain large amounts of resources, this type of mining exposes many caves for further exploration/mining.

Besides mining, Quarries also have some non-resource related benefits, such as keeping the area clean and fresh (not ruining the nature), and a handy trap as the mine is very deep.

Water blocks placed two high at the bottom of a quarry can allow quick descent (by just jumping into the water), and water elevators can be used to quickly return to ground level from the bottom.

Warning: Be extremely careful around this mine, as a fall will surely be fatal.

Multi-mining
The name fits any combined mine such as the following:

Quarry-Strip Mine
This involves digging a quarry and adding ledges every few blocks down around the outside while digging. The sides of the quarry have to be a certain length, for example with strip mines, you need each side to be [(something divisible by 3) + 1] blocks long, while for branch mines, you need each side to be [(something divisible by 4) + 1] blocks long. The result will vaguely resemble a shopping mall atrium with one massive open space and then a bunch of "shelves". Then, dig the shafts to at least 20 blocks for a ton of ores, including quite a few diamonds (about 3 veins) down on the lower levels. For a 10x10 quarry, you will get about 150 stacks of cobblestone, while for larger mines (e.g. 40x40) you will get around 2000 stacks, handy for massive building projects.

Quarry-Cave Mining
Dig a quarry down to under Y-level 25, and attempt to unearth a cave. If you do, you can explore that cave. Many of the deeper caves have no surface entrance, and being able to expose a cave that is otherwise sealed to the outside world through a quarry can garner you both large amounts of cobblestone, dirt, and gravel, as well as the rewards of mining out a deep cave. If you don't want to hold on to the stone that is excavated, you can use it to fill in dead ends, allowing you to navigate the remainder of the cave more easily.

Cosmetic Mines
This section is for mines that are not cramped midget tunnels and focus more on aesthetics rather than efficiency.

Clc's Vertical design
A mine of mine (No pun intended) I decided to talk about, seeing as how few aesthetic mine designs there are it should be a welcome change. Mind you don't expect to do all the connections, let alone open/maze connections (Variations section) unless you're on a server, or you have a will you can break diamond on.

Design
This design consists of a Hub and a Push leading into another Hub.

Key:

B - Block

_ - Air

Hub: Top view:

BBBBBBB

BB___BB

B_____B

B_____B

B_____B

BB___BB

BBBBBBB

Side view:

BBBBBBB

BB___BB

BB___BB

B_____B

B_____B

B_____B

BBBBBBB

Each push is basically the design behind it (The side view) dropped a square repeated several times, the amount is dependent on the miner but an even number is preferred due to torch placement (Discussed later) The central hub (The first hub made in the mine) will have 4 pushes in each of the cardinal directions, eventually, if you are in need of ores you may choose to go down in one direction until you have what you need. I recommend you check your y coordinate about now, you may want a push length that will allow you to get your y value as close as you can to 12 (Lava spawns in caves at 10, and your y is up 2 for the positioning of your head) After you've decided on your length and finished a push you make another Hub in the same size as above. Continue until you reach the last of your hubs (You should end it before you hit bedrock, otherwise it won't be very nice looking)

Torch Placement
Torch placement is simple in this design. You will have 8 torches in each hub, on both sides of the bottom of the corners. If you want you may add a torch to the center floor to add more light, but it is enough to prevent mobs spawning as it is now.

For every push you put two torches on every other left and right hangs.

Connections
After you finished all of the cardinal pushes you'll be wondering what next to do, considering the amount you've mined you may want a place to store away items, connections are great for this.

Each connection is a hub formed by two of the cardinal branches intersecting, meaning if you went to the first north hub down, you'd have to mine one push/hub to the left and connect to it from the first west hub down by pushing right. It's the same as the hub but it leaves two walls with nothing to do, if you try to continue with them you will get intersections that are hard to make aesthetic unless your looking for a large open mine, or a maze mine. Instead, you can use it for chests, and it works well for it's purpose. Very hard to describe with letters, so here's a picture instead: Picture

Continuations
After your cardinal directions are done, you have your as many connections as you care for, what's next? You continue Adding onto your bottom hubs, only with straight pushes. The bottom hubs will branch in all directions except backwards (Unless your going with a open/mine variation) and each of those hubs may spread in the same direction so long as it's not backwards for the original hub. If you positioned well in the first central hub and push size, you'll be scraping a long in a fairly wide tunnel along the same height you find diamonds. It's easy sailing from here on.

Varations
Central Drop shaft:

Central hub is under an area of flat ground, you put a three deep hole where torches will go, ladders go on the bottom and top, torches in the middle, you go above the hub as normal only there will be a 2 high gap under the hangs on this first hub to allow for the ladders as a way up. Due to update you will need the ladders to go all the way down, and such won't have a place for a torch. You can circumvent this by putting them on the middle of part left over at the top of the next section, the lighting is the same and you won't need an extra torch to prevent mobs spawning. This also works particularly well if you want to replace the top with glass.

Open Mine Connections:

Same as original, only every connection you make splits off in all four directions. It goes up with a 1 wide path in the center in all four directions and the both of the two wide paths go down until they merge (Which is when it can do so without getting rid of the upward path

There are two variations, one where you will go up when you make a connection, so you will have a stack of hubs in all directions, another where you only dig down in the connections, where they intersect you build the 1 central path down to the hub. The latter is more efficient as all of it will eventually lead to the bottom and therefore be mining ore.

Maze Mine Connections:

The same as an Open Mine except your down path is one wide, not your up path. Same two variations, same correlation in efficiency.

Lava lights:

You can replace the torches in the center (If you placed them at all) of the hubs with a piece of glass and lava under it and it gives only one light less. You can change it for a 3x3 if you feel so inclined and have enough lava.

Drop Shafts:

This combines the Central Drop Shaft and optionally the Open and Maze Mine Connections. It requires close tallies if you don't want to combine them though.

At your Hub you mine down the same as if you were going to make a Central drop Shaft, but continue until you are on the same level as your next hub (Depends on the size of your push, like a 8 push would be 8 blocks down) After you reach the bottom you make another hub in the same style as a Central Drop Shaft. This will require more ladders, so it's not a very good idea if your short on wood, but it allows a certain maze quality that I find welcome.

There are two places where you can put the ladders, but the two per corner type of the Central Drop Shaft style is preferred, however the other style uses less ladders. You mine your shafts in the blocks directly north/south/east/west of the center so that you have 4 shafts all the way to the next hub, this require 5 blocks to hang down from the hub, some like it, others don't.

Two variations on top of that, you may use the drop shaft for all your hubs, thus any hub with a hub above will be able to ascend, or you can only use the shafts for the central hub, adding 'terraces' to your mine.

Where does open/maze mine connections come in? After you get down to the bottom level you may continue to stretch out and connect with the original push/hubs. Once you connect you may use the open style, leaving 1 wide path up or the maze, leaving 2x2 wide up.

Central Mine

 * is open space;


 * are rails

Once every x blocks you should change the rail/torch/rail combination for a Powered Rail/Redstone torch/Powered Rail

You will have a central rail system with smaller hallways for pedestrian traffic. On interesting locations, you should add some kind of rail station with access to the rail.

Connections
(From the top)

Random Mining
Quite possible the simplest, and potentially rewarding and dangerous form of mining in all of Minecraft. It is making any amount of holes or indents anywhere at any size or depth. It can be the most rewarding as one may find dungeons or rare materials in the process. However, at the same time, one may accidentally dig their way into a pit of lava (causing the player to burn and lose all their items), falling into a deep cavern (causing enough fall damage to kill the player), or underneath sand or gravel (causing suffocation), etc. It is the simplest form of mining as it follows no specific pattern and may also lead to the creation of any form of mining mentioned above or below. This method is useful for the creation of hard-to-find/secret places as one may think that the are of the mine has no specific purpose and/or was just a mediocre attempt to gather materials.

Note: In order to preserve safety it is recommended to never dig directly below oneself, or directly above.

Space/Portion Mining
Not to be confused with Strip Mining; however, this does involve a similar method.

Room Mining
This form of mining involves someone to make a hall way and then make a small opening in the wall. From there, one must simply dig out a portion of the block to create a space. This method is repeated many times down the hall on either side to create rooms for various purposes, while finding several ores and valued materials in the process. This method is useful for the creation of houses, barns, indoor-gardens, storages, and in the creation of hard-to-find/secret places as it offers a variety of places one may go to in order to find something, but they may likely give up in the process unless they are determined.

Tunnel Mining
This is highly similar to Room Mining, except that instead of Building rooms, you build tunnels. However, this takes much longer to do and tunnels are usually much larger than rooms. Because of this, Tunnel Mining is lesser to be used as the tunnels take up many tools in the process of making them as well as the mining process may dig into a body of water and flood the tunnel. However, if the player wants to make an artificial river for boats, this may not be a problem. Despite the fact that they may yield many resources, players may use up several pick axes or shovels in the process of making them as well as torches to light up the tunnel. Players may get bored of doing this and may abandon the tunnels while still in the process of making them. Some may not consider beginning construction on future tunnels due to lost supplies and the tunnel not being rewarding enough to continue. This method is useful for making minecart subways, large indoor-gardens, art galleries, tree farms, boat rivers, large barn(s), mazes, doing construction on vertical and horizontal structures, constructing strip mines, and secret/hard-to-find areas by making tunnels that seem to go nowhere.

Clear Mining/Safe Mining
The general purpose of Clear Mining (or Safe Mining, whichever one may prefer to call it) is a variation of Box Mining and other simple techniques. A player first finds a suitable area, preferably one block above the bedrock layer so that the player can easily obtain diamonds and other rare minerals. The player must also have at least 5 to 6 stone picks, one iron pick for rare minerals such as gold, and 3-4 shovels for gravel. A sword is optional depending on the players preferred difficulty settings. Once the player has found a suitable and deep area that they are confident in they may either begin or set up a small chamber near the area to store minerals and construct tools to further their mining. To begin, make a simple 1 block long and 2 blocks high that spans roughly 8-10 blocks in length. Once this has begun, the player then uses their stone picks to mine directly in front of them where their tunnel ends, but, there is a catch. The player does not move once they make their initial 8-10 block tunnel, and mines only the above block of the two block height making a small box, 4 blocks long. Once the player makes a half tunnel 4 blocks long, the turn to their left or right and do the same; not breaking any of the blocks below the first block. (when done the concept is much more simple) After the player makes a reversed "T" shape, then the player can start to mine out the remaining areas around the tunnels, only using their reach length to clear away stone and any materials. Once the player has maxed out their reach length, they will be in small "box" that reduces risks of being suffocated by gravel or possibly lava. The player then should have a clear area, and then mines out the remaining second blocks, still avoiding the "edges" of the safety box. Once all materials are mined, the player can then break the box and gather the resources in one quick run. Once the player is done in this, there will of course be small "edges" that they not reach, and these should be mined out making a clear box. To further the effectiveness of this strategy, one may then place torches in the "frontal" corners of the area and repeat the process on each side, however this time, rotating their view to clear away all areas of their reach, so long as they are away from their initial entrance tunnel. The end result should be a very fast, resourceful, and safer approach to mining at bedrock. However, mobs may spawn in areas of the mine that are poorly lit, and lava is a factor, along with tediousness, so the player must make a commitment to a clear mine, leaving when satisfied with their bounty of materials. Like parenthesized above, this strategy is best played out rather than explained.

General Mining Safety Procedure
Despite the various mining techniques explained here, from the safest to the most dangerous, there are several precautions and techniques that can spell out the difference between a successful day and a horrible nightmare.

Precautions Against Environment
The most devastating and life threatening dangers are often caused by easily avoided environmental causes. Most notably lava floods and cavern falls. Remember these rules and you can improve your life expectancy dramatically -

1. Never dig straight down!!

Digging straight down is the leading cause of death among inexperienced miners, digging straight down can reveal an open shaft, a lava pool or both. Dying from falling damage at the bottom of a deep shaft can result in your belongings being too far from your spawn point to retrieve them in time. Falling into lava will destroy them outright. Therefore, mining 1x1 shafts (digging straight down) is something experienced players never do. If you still want to dig downwards either use the shaft mining technique or employ the "Conmutaz." The Conmutaz was named after the 4 US states Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona and the distinctive way they share borders. It comes in two types Conmutaz 2 and 4, Conmutaz 2 is standing on the edges of two adjacent blocks and mining each block column directly down, While the Conmutaz 4 is standing at the corners of 4 adjacent blocks. While using the Conmutaz you can mine directly down while maintaining a high level of safety.

2. Be Prepared For Lava!!

While a bucket or no bucket can mean 64 more blocks of your favorite resource, Not having water is perhaps the worst thing you can do while mining. In the event of a lava flood caused by the unstopping of a lava pocket, the ignorant miner will be at risk of losing their entire inventory. The best way to avoid these crippling losses is to simply carry a water bucket and/or some blocks of material in a quick-slot next to your pick. In the event of a lava flood a block can be used to quickly plug the leakage in cases of water or lava inflow from a side of a shaft, and water can be placed in an advantageous location turning it into cobblestone or obsidian, simultaneously stopping lava flow and quenching flames.

3. Never dig straight up!!

By digging directly upwards you may unexpectedly trigger falling sand, gravel, or, if you're really unlucky, lava or a hostile mob. Standing to one side while mining blocks from the ceiling helps you avoid falling blocks and gives you a chance to react to a sudden lava outpour. If you do want to mine directly upwards, make sure to place ladders on the inside of the shaft, rather than placing blocks below you. The ladders prevent gravel or sand from falling on you and stop potential lava flows from killing you and wiping out your entire inventory. They also provide a quicker escape if you happen upon some mobs (by hitting a cave or a dungeon).

4. Bring Torches and sticks!!

In very dark areas, a pit may not be exposed and may cause a horrible death. Torches is helpful in every way, even on Peaceful difficulty. Be sure to bring sticks, as Coal is abundant in caverns, especially in large ones. Without Torches, Death can occur anytime whilst exploring dark and winding caverns.

5. Bring Wood to make chests

Very useful to new players or to manage your nerves and fears.

Make your chest on the spot and save all precious ores. Place on a man made room. Or just somewhere in a cavern system but you need to memorize very well the place or it will lost. Placing in a crossing corridor point or cubic dead end can help find it.

You can use F3 to know the place but it is considered cheating by some players.

6. Bring a Potion of Fire Resistance just in case

Recently added Potion of Fire Resistance protects you from any form of fire damage and allows you to swim in lava, unharmed. It's useful when you are working near lava or fire - for example, when you are trying to get a resource located over underground river of lava, or you need to dig straight down. Ingredients needed for this potion are quite rare, but it's entirely possible to farm them once you locate their source.

Worst Case Scenario
If you fall into Lava, do not panic; try to get far away from the lava. This way even if you die, your stuff won't be destroyed by the lava. Eat food in order to buy yourself enough time (this was changed in Beta 1.8. If you need to heal, eat Food and hide in a corner/away from Mobs), and make sure you use a bucket of water if you have one. If you know you are going to die anyway press and  to find out your coordinates and take a screenshot.

If you are trapped in blocks and are suffocating, try to dig looking downwards. This could assist you in getting out of the trapped pit.

If you are fighting and are going to die, press then.

Whatever happens, you should look back upon what you did, and analyze how you died, and what you could do to improve.

Best Case Scenario
Should you happen to accumulate a large amount of resources, such as, perhaps, 2 stacks of Iron Ore and 10 Diamonds you may be tempted to delve further into the cavern. DO NOT Resist this urge and return to your base to empty your loot. Dumping off your goodies instead of trying to explore longer MAY NOT help in the long run.

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