Block states

Block states (also known as Block properties $$) are extra pieces of data that further define a block, such as how it appears or behaves.

$$, there're also aux values (also known as Metadata) to define a block. Aux values are in the format of binary flags, which basically match the block states one-to-one. And they are accesible in decimal number in commands. However, aux values are intended to be deprecate, and newly added blocks or block states no longer support aux values.

History
Blockzustand Valeurs ブロック状態 블록 상태 Estados de bloco Состояния блоков 方块状态