Lava

Lava is a fluid block that can only be placed by the player when using a bucket (unless hacked in the player's inventory). It emits light and sets surrounding blocks on fire. On newly-generated maps, lava is a common sight underground and lava lakes occasionally generate on the surface.

Natural occurrence
Lava primarily occurs as magma in large pools deep underground, on levels 1 through 10, covering 8% of horizontal area. It can also occur as lava rivers from a single spring block, pouring down walls into pools. It is one of the most common causes of death while mining underground and is especially unsavory because the items in your inventory are likely to burn up in the lava. But, if precautions are taken (not digging straight down or up, having buckets of water), accidents can be prevented. The popping sound effect of lava added in version 1.2 can also be an early indication of nearby lava.

Since Alpha 1.2.6, lava also spawns as lakes. They are rare and can be found at any elevation within any biome, can cause forest fires, and sometimes have floating chunks of stone or dirt above them, occasionally with vines or trees growing on the floating chunks (very small islands are sometimes in the center of a lava lake as well.) Lava lakes vary in size and depth, and the lakes will carve out a small ceiling area above them when generated below the surface.

2 blocks of lava can also be found in NPC Villages in smithies.

In the Nether, lava is extremely common, appearing more frequently than water in the Overworld. Lava also pours from the ceiling and walls.

Burning



 * Lava droplets will fall from the ceiling of caves if there is a lava block immediately above it, thus giving a visual warning to the player not to dig that block. This extends to the surface world and has a counterpart effect for water. The droplets do not harm the player or give off any light. However this does not occur with transparent blocks, because the game assumes that you can see through them, which is a danger when the lava is above glowstone, TNT, cactus, and other "transparent" blocks.


 * Most entities, including players and mobs, will take damage every half-second from being in contact with lava, in addition to being set on fire. If the entity touches water during this time or rain falls on it, the fire will be extinguished.


 * TNT, bookshelves, leaves, wool, fences (but not gates), vines, tall grass, wood logs, planks, and wooden stairs are flammable. Wooden slabs and double slabs created in 1.3 are flammable; in 1.2.5 they are not (as they are based off the stone slab block). If flammable blocks are close to lava they can catch on fire, the mechanics for this are the same as of fire. Non-flammable blocks are unaffected by this effect, and do not spread active fire. Also, if gravel falls vertically into lava, it will burn but only in the same way as entities do (the fire will not spread and the block isn't destroyed). Ice melts into water, TNT explodes.


 * The “embers” or “fireballs” which fly out of lava are purely decorative and do not directly cause fires.


 * In Beta 1.6.6, lava does not ignite anything below it, just above it and to its sides. This can create interesting structures.


 * Warning: even if you are playing on peaceful difficulty, it is still possible to die. The regenerating hearts and loss of hearts from being on fire will simply counteract each other, and the player's hearts will fluctuate by only a half a heart, keeping them alive and giving them longer to find water. However, if you stay in the lava itself, you'll lose hearts much more rapidly and die.

Flow


In the Overworld, lava travels 3 blocks in any direction but if it is placed above the ground, it will travel 4 blocks in any direction after hitting the ground.

In the Nether, lava travels 7 blocks in any direction as water does in the Overworld.

Lava flows far more slowly than water, and sometimes sourceless lava flows will linger for a very long time. In some cases, it will not disappear at all until it is removed by the Player.

The interaction of lava and water:
 * Since 1.9pre1, if lava flows on top of still or running water, it creates stone. This can be used for stone farms.
 * If lava flows horizontally into water, cobblestone is created. Using this you can create cobblestone farms.
 * If water flows horizontally into lava, a hiss and puff of smoke occur but nothing changes.
 * If water flows vertically into lava, cobblestone or a hiss may result.
 * If water flows into a lava spring then obsidian is created. The lava spring is destroyed in the process, so unlike cobblestone it is not continuous and renewable.
 * If vertically falling water touches still lava on any side obsidian is created - even if the water would not run into the lava's square.

The primary natural source of obsidian is rivers flowing onto the surface of lava pools in deep caves; care should be taken if mining these since there is usually a layer of lava under the obsidian.

Lava which is flowing will destroy the following in its path: saplings, cobweb, tall grass, dead bush, wheat, flowers, mushrooms, snow on ground (but snow blocks are immune), lily pads, vines, levers, buttons, both types of torches, redstone wire, repeaters, and rails. Sugar cane holds back lava, but will disappear if the sugar cane's water source is destroyed by the lava.

If lava falls onto redstone wire bordered by water, the redstone turns into obsidian, with no loss of lava. This is considered a bug, however Notch has said that it will remain for the meanwhile as a feature; see the section on obsidian for more information.

Using a redstone wire, a one-block lava flow can be redirected by supplying power to the spring block, which will cause it to reset the flow towards the now-nearest terrain depression. This is further elaborated in this thread (only viewable when logged-in). It cannot, however, be reversed. This re-calculation is made because redstone wire when toggled changes the block from redstone(on), to redstone(off). Whenever a block updates on any side of lava, the lava re-calculates where to flow, but does not cut off its current direction of flow.

If there is a body of lava flowing above a block, the lava visually seeps down through the host block. This "dripping" effect also applies to water, although water droplets seep through at a much faster rate. These droplets are purely aesthetic and will not affect the player or other blocks in any way.

Infinite lava duplication
In 1.9pre5, infinite lava could be made much the same as infinite water. When placing 4 source blocks of lava to the sides of an empty space in a + shape, they will then flow into the middle creating another source block of lava. In 1.9pre6 infinite lava springs cannot be used as a renewable resource., and as of Minecraft 1.0 lava sources can no longer be duplicated.


 * It should be noted that virtually infinite flowing lava can be created, limited only by the height of the world. However only the original lava block can be collected.

In the ported Xbox 360 Edition, lava (as of 5-20-12) can be easily duplicated with a glitch in the following manner A 2x1 depression is mined out of dirt, and a bucket of lava is poured against the back "wall" of the depression. Once the lava begins to glow, it can be scooped back into the bucket. After a few frames, the lava will reappear in the depression while also being in the bucket. Both are source blocks that can be placed and collected. It should be noted that occasionally this method just destroys the source block.

Lava Bucket
You can collect and place lava springs using a bucket. As with water, you can only harvest the springs, not the flowing lava coming from them.

Lava can be used to make obsidian, to light an area, or to create traps. When used to create obsidian, water will be used to cool the lava either before collecting it with a diamond pickaxe in a mold in the desired shape, or by emptying the bucket next to an artificially created waterfall.

Lava can be placed in a furnace in a bucket to be substituted for coal. Its burning time is 1000 seconds, compared to 80 seconds for coal (lava smelts 100 blocks, coal smelts 8). Using a lava bucket as a fuel source consumes the lava AND the empty bucket. In some of the Beta 1.3 snapshots, the bucket was not consumed, but in the latest version the bucket is consumed again.

Lava buckets are often used as weapons due to its powerful damage and re-usability. Its use as a weapon is documented in the combat tutorial article.

Lava molding
Lava can be combined with water for molding obsidian, stone or cobblestone structures of any size when used properly:

Pros

 * One does not need to contain lava on all sides; lava flowing freely down is often used.
 * The size of structures is almost limitless (the sky IS the limit). Many structures are massive.
 * Lava molding can have very desirable architecture, mostly from downward flowing lava.
 * With only a few starting blocks, one can build very massive structures.
 * Lava molding is much faster than building by hand (this is limited to larger structures).

Cons

 * Lava molding can be very dangerous to players and other entities alike.
 * If one is not careful, they may solidify the source block, creating obsidian.
 * One is often limited to walls and towers.
 * Structures can only be made from either stone (which is harder to get), obsidian, or cobblestone.

Classic
At first lava had a different texture, but then changed to the current texture. The old texture can still be found in the terrain.png file at the minecraft.jar. In Classic, lava spreads by duplicating itself to open horizontal and downwards squares like Water. Lava is slower, though, and can be easily outrun. A quick player can block the flow of lava by building a dam. However, if the lava wave is large, a player may not be able to build fast enough. Also like water, lava slows down the player moving through it but it does so to a greater extent, and swimming through it causes greater damage. Lava is also more opaque than water and is harder to see through while you are submerged; you cannot see through lava from outside it. At the bottom of the map, magma can be found directly above bedrock in a different form, as it will trap the player and prevent the player from leaving unless water is let in and collides with it or if the player places a sand or gravel block, letting it drop into the magma. If water is let into the area where the magma is, the magma will form Stone, allowing the stone block to be removed to expose Bedrock underneath.

Survival
Since Infdev, lava flows more realistically across surfaces but not as much as water does. Lava will flow for a total distance of 3 blocks "away" from the source block (7 in The Nether). Just like water, lava will flow in a single line towards the nearest terrain depression within four blocks. Items thrown into lava flows will disintegrate. All objects burn instantaneously when dropped into lava. Fired arrows will not disintegrate, but will appear to catch fire and can still be picked up. This can be used to your advantage, by shooting through a lava waterfall. Flaming arrows will set enemies on fire, but will not start fires on blocks.

Magma is no longer present at the bottom of maps in this mode. Lava can melt ice and snow (but not snow blocks), much like torches can, but melt a larger area. Lava is luminous and a large lava flow is visible in the dark from quite a distance.

Since the Classic 0.0.19a client update on June 20, 2009, Lava's texture became animated.

The creation of Obsidian was added in Alpha v.1.0.6_03.

In Beta, lava is less reactive with horizontal water flows.

Since the Seecret Friday Update 9, buckets of lava can be used to fuel a furnace for 100 smelts. Both the lava and the bucket were consumed (so unless the player had a sufficient amount of iron, this method was not recommended).

Before the December 3rd update, right-clicking a furnace/workbench/chest while holding a lava bucket would leave you with a lava spring on top of the said item, but now it just opens the inventory as it would have if you were carrying nothing.

As of Beta 1.8, when lava is touched by rain, it emits smoke (but does not transform into another block).

Before the 1.9 prereleases, source blocks used to be unable to be duplicated over an area deeper than 1 block. Jeb said that this was a bug and is now fixed.

As of the 1.9 pre-release, if there is a body of lava flowing above a block, the lava visually "drips" down through the holding block. Also, lava blocks now form stone when falling directly onto water source blocks.

As of 1.9 Prerelease 5, lava source blocks are destroyed when completely surrounded with TNT.

As of snapshot 12w05a, lava (as well as the embers that pop out of it) makes sounds. These sounds were in the game files for a long time but they had not played in-game.

As of snapshot 12w22a, using a lava bucket as fuel leaves an empty bucket. Prior to this version, both the lava and the bucket were consumed.

Bugs

 * In taiga biomes, lava will occasionally freeze while near but not touching water, and will form obsidian or cobblestone.
 * Lava can still be blown up by TNT, assuming that the TNT block detonated in or next to the source block. This appears to be random.
 * When a player is inside a lava block, spiders, cave spiders and endermen appear red.

Trivia

 * "Lava" is called Lava once it reaches the surface, and is called Magma when underground. As such, most of the molten rock in Minecraft is actually Magma, but for the sake of simplicity, all of it is called lava.
 * A water source block placed 1 block away upwards diagonally (but not through corners) from a lava block will first flow in the direction of the lava, then other directions facing away from the lava. This happens because water physics treat the place that lava occupies as empty, and try to flow to it. Once the water turns the lava into obsidian, the water physics update to flow in all directions.
 * Lava can be contained by surrounding it with snow blocks, because they are not flammable and do not melt.
 * It is a common misconception that underground lava pools cause more minerals to spawn. The idea arrives from the fact that the large open area leaves more of the nearby natural minerals exposed. If anything, the air pockets associated with lava pools actually reduce the chances of minerals spawning by taking away natural rock space.
 * Above-ground lava lakes seem to generate most often in Taiga biomes
 * An easy way to 'fill-in' large pools of lava is to use gravel or sand, which will fall to the bottom of the pool and stack upwards.
 * You can see the stars when in lava, even if it's supposed to be opaque.
 * If an item falls into the edge of a lava pool, it may pop back out and appear as if it were burning. Also, you can pick the item back up once it's back on land. Occurs more commonly in SMP.
 * Although lava is a liquid, it is not possible to drown in lava. This applies to all mobs.
 * Unlike water, lava does not stop a player's fall.
 * Arrows shot by the player will only catch fire if shot in flowing lava and not still lava.
 * Very rarely, lava is able to continue flowing after its source block is removed and create another small source block and continue flowing.
 * Lava CAN be used for fuel in the furnace and can smelt a little more than 1.5 stacks of ore/material, but the bucket will not be returned (Unless you are using snapshot 12w22a or later). (1.5 stacks = 96; actual smelt is 100.)
 * You cannot put 4 blocks of lava in a 2x2 square to create an infinite source of lava like you can with water, even in the Nether.
 * End Portals can be seen yellow if exposed to the surface when you are in lava.
 * Just pouring one bucket of lava might fill more than one bucket—even if you pick up the lava from where it was placed.
 * Lava can also be used as a garbage disposal, by creating a 3×3 box of any non-flammable block and leaving a 1 block gap inside. Pour lava into it and drop unwanted items.