Anvil mechanics/Before 1.8



This page explains the mechanics of the anvil. The anvil is primarily used to repair tools, armor, and weapons, which it can do without stripping their enchantments. It can also be used to combine the enchantments of two items, or to give an item an individual name. All its functions cost experience levels, and some also have material costs. The anvil offers four basic capabilities:
 * Repairing an item with units of its material (e.g., iron ingots for iron tools or iron armor). This works only for armor and tools with their material in their default name (e.g. Iron Sword, Leather Helmet).  It does work for chainmail, which is repaired with iron ingots.
 * Repairing an item by combining it with an unenchanted example of its kind. This works for anything that has durability, including not just armor and tools, but bows, shears, and so forth.
 * As an extension of the previous, an anvil can combine two enchanted items, producing one with a combination of their enchantments. This also works for bows (and presumably if shears and such had enchantments...).
 * An anvil can also rename any item, not just the ones it can repair. Besides entertainment value, this can save on the costs of repeated repairs.

Base value of items
The most important concept for using an anvil is the "base value" of an item, figured in experience levels. Almost any change made to an item will cost its base value, plus costs according to the change. An item's base value is the sum of the costs of its enchantments, plus a charge for the number of its enchantments. Note that the item's material does not affect its base cost, nor does the order of its enchantments. An unenchanted (or unenchantable) item has base value 0.

As formulas:
 * For each Enchantment, ECost = Cost-per-level&times;level
 * For the item, BaseValue == ECost1 (+ Ecost2 + ...) + NumEnchantCost + PriorPenalty

Finally, an extra value (NumEnchantCost) needs to be added based on how many enchantments the item has, which can be found from the table below.

Notes:
 * 1) Enchantments marked with a (*) are ones for which the enchantment table cannot produce the highest level.  The anvil can, but this will involve the penalty for prior repair.

Example: Say we have a sword with Sharpness 3, Knockback 2 and Looting 2. Referring to the table we see that the Enchantments will cost 3&times;1 &rarr; 3, 2&times;2 &rarr; 4, and 2&times;4 &rarr; 8 respectively, and another 6 levels for having three of them. 3+4+8+6 &rarr; 21. In the anvil for the first time, this sword will cost at least 21 levels to work on, even before considering what to do with it.

Renaming and Prior Work penalty
There will be an extra cost, the "prior work penalty", to work on an item which has previously been altered in an anvil. This cost can be reduced by renaming the item.
 * For an un-renamed item, the prior-work penalty is 2 levels for each repair or combination an item has been through, not including this one. If combining two items, you pay both their penalties.
 * Renaming something with durability costs (Base Value)+7+Penalty the first time, later renames cost (Base Value)+10+Penalty.
 * An item which has been renamed has its prior-work penalty set to 2, remaining so regardless of later work. It might revert to its full value if the name were somehow stripped from the object, but as of 1.4.4, this does not appear to be possible. (Renaming the item back to e.g. "Iron Sword" doesn't change the costs.)
 * Simultaneously renaming and repairing an object costs both charges, but you only pay for base value and the penalty once. So if your repair would cost 3 levels over BV+Penalty, its base value is 5, and this is the third time it's been repaired, this would normally cost 12 levels (5+3+4)  But if you are also renaming it for the first time, you pay 5+3+4+7&rarr;19.  If you then damage it slightly so that the next repair cost would be 2 levels (over BV+Penalty), the renamed item will cost 5+2+2&rarr;9 levels to repair, or 19 (10 more) if you are also renaming it again.
 * Renaming an item without durability costs 5 the first time, then stays 9 for all later renames. This includes the implicit prior-work penalty, and of course the base value is 0.
 * Stackable items can be renamed as a stack; you do pay for each item, but the total cost is capped at 39 levels, for which you can rename a full stack.
 * Note that renamed items in general will not stack with normal items, and renamed blocks lose their name when placed.

Unit Repair
This is the process of repairing an item by adding units of its material: leather, wood planks, cobblestone blocks, iron ingots, gold ingots, or diamonds. This works only for "tiered" armor and tools.It does not work for bows, flint-and-steel, shears, fishing rods, nor carrot-on-a-sticks. Each unit can restore up to 25% of the item's maximum durability, and multiple units can be used at once (incurring only a single prior-work penalty for next time). The cost in levels to do this is the item's base cost, plus prior-work penalty, plus a cost for each unit of material.
 * Chainmail can be repaired with iron ingots.
 * For most materials and all armor, the cost per unit is 1 for each enchantment on the target, plus 1.
 * For diamond tools (including swords), each unit again costs 1 per enchantment, but then 1 to 3 more. For a multi-unit repair, all but the last unit cost 3 apiece.  However, the last or only unit can cost less, depending on how much durability it restores:  Up to 199 durability costs 1 level, 200 to 299 costs 2 levels, and from 300 to 390 (the unit max) costs 3 levels.

Combining Items
The anvil can be used to combine two items of the same type. The first item here is the target item, which will receive any repair or extra enchantments. The second item will be destroyed, it is the sacrifice item. For greater control, you may want to use + to show the numeric durability of your items (in the inventory tooltips).

Sacrifice Repair
If the second item is non-magical, or if its only enchantments are already higher power in the target item, the combination will simply repair the target. This works for anything with durability. You always pay the base cost for the target item, and the prior-repair penalties of both items, but the additional costs vary by material, and sometimes the durability of the sacrifice item:
 * The resulting durability will be D=floor(T+S+0.12*MaxD), up to the item's maximum. Here, T is the durability of the target item, S is the durability of the sacrifice item, and MaxD is the maximum durability for the item type. That is, the sum of the two item durabilities, plus a bonus of 12% of the maximum durability, rounded down. This means, that to get the most out of repairing, the durability of the target and sacrifice items should not total more than 88% of the total durability of the item, otherwise you will lose some of the 12% bonus.
 * For swords and tools, the bonus comes out to 3 for gold, 7 for wood, 15 for stone, 30 for iron and 187 for diamonds.
 * For any item with a maximum durability below 178, the cost will only be 1 level. Items with higher maximum durability can pay more. The exact amount depends on the maximum durability, and the current durability of the sacrifice item.  This can range up to 17 levels, for repairing a diamond sword or tool with a near-intact sacrifice.  The formula for the level cost is L=floor((S+0.12*MaxD)/100) with a minimum cost of 1, and the results are shown in the table below.

Combining Enchantments
If the sacrifice is enchanted, some or all of its enchantments can be merged into the target, with a few special cases. The level cost can be fairly complex, and adding multiple enchantments can add up quickly. Remember that except in Creative mode, there is a limit of 40 levels for all work in an anvil; if it costs more than that, the anvil will refuse the job. In general, putting the more powerfully enchanted item in the first slot will cost less, but repair costs can reverse that, especially for diamond tools. Some groups of enchantments are incompatible; an item can have only one of them no matter what. and whichever is already on the target takes precedence. The incompatible groups of enchantments are:
 * Sharpness, Smite, and Bane of Arthropods
 * Protection, Fire Protection, Blast Protection, and Projectile Protection
 * Fortune, and Silk Touch

The cost in levels can be summarized as L=R + Pt + Ps + (Ek+...)+Y. To explain this formula:
 * 1) If the target is damaged, R is the repair cost for the target, not including any prior-repair penalties.  (As above, this may depend on the durability of the sacrifice.)  If the target is undamaged, it is simply the base value of the target.
 * 2) Pt and Ps are any prior-repair penalties for the items.  Either or both can be zero if the item has not been through an anvil before.
 * 3) For each enchantment on the sacrifice, Ek will be one of the following, added into the cost.
 * 4) If the target has the same enchantment at a higher level, the target level will be unchanged, but you pay nothing for it.  (Ek = 0)
 * 5) * If all the sacrifice's enchantments fit this, and the target is also undamaged (that is, nothing to repair), then the anvil will refuse the job altogether.
 * 6) If the enchantment is incompatible with an enchantment on the target (e.g.. Smite over Sharpness), add its level to the cost, (e.g, Smite 2 costs 2 levels).   (No change to the target.)
 * 7) If the target doesn't have that enchantment (nor an incompatible one), or the sacrifice has a higher level than the target, the target will be raised to that level, costing twice the per-level cost for each level gained.
 * 8) If the enchantment is equal on both items, but not "maxed out", the target will be raised by one level, again costing twice its per-level cost.
 * 9) If the enchantment is at maximum level on both target and sacrifice, add its per-level cost to the total.   (No change to the target.)
 * 10) Finally, add Y, a charge for adding enchantments:  If no enchantments are added (raising the level doesn't count), Y=0.  Otherwise, let X be the number of enchantments added, and T the total number of enchantments on the result.  Add Y=X&times;(T-1)+1.

Examples:
 * For the first slot, take the example above, a sword with Sharpness 3, Knockback 2 and Looting 2. Its base value is 21.  Suppose we add on a sword that has Sharpness 3 and Looting 2.  Both sharpness and looting are equal to the target, but not maxed out, so we add twice the increment for each, 2 and 8 respectively.  Thus the cost will be L=21+2+8=31 levels, producing a sword with Sharpness 4, Knockback 2, and Looting 3.  (Its BV is 4+4+12+6 &rarr; 26, but it will also have a 2-level penalty for the next repair or merger.)
 * Consider a sword with Sharpness 3 and Looting 2 (BV 14) in the first slot, and a sword with Bane 2 and Looting 2 (BV 15) in the second slot, both "virgin". The Bane will be blocked by the Sharpness, but cost 2 levels anyway.  The Looting will combine as above, costing 8 levels.  The final sword has Sharpness 3 and Looting 3 (BV 18). You pay 14+8+2&rarr;24 levels.  If the order of the swords are switched (Bane in first slot and Sharpness in second), the final sword would end up having Bane 2 and Looting 3 (BV 19), at a cost of 15+8+3&rarr;26.
 * And a simple one: A Sharpness 4 sword (BV 5) for the target, and a Looting 2 sword for the sacrifice.  Adding the looting costs 4&times;4&rarr;16.   We have one new enchantment, leaving the target with two, so X=1, T=2, and we pay Y=2.  Total cost is 5+16+2&rarr;23 levels, for a sword with Sharpness 4, Looting 2 (BV 4+8+3&rarr;15).
 * Don't do this: Take a helmet with Protection 4, and Respiration 3, and add a helmet with Blast Protection 4 and Respiration 3.  You pay 4 levels for the incompatible Blast Protection, and another 4 for the maxed-out Respiration.  With the base value of 19, you've just paid 27 levels (and a heavily-enchanted helmet) for nothing.  (You could still be repairing the target, but that costs extra....)
 * Enchanted books can not be combined directly. For example, two books with Efficiency III enchantments can not be combined into a book with an Efficiency IV enchantment. However, the books can be sequentially applied to a tool, in order to give that tool an Efficiency IV enchantment.

Bugs
Funktionsweise des Ambosses 铁砧机制
 * When your language-settings differ to the language settings on the server you are currently playing in,the default-name in your language for the item you wish to repair/combine will be seen as a new name from the server when trying to enchant/combine the item.This will not only result in higher XP-costs,but may also prevent you from repairing/combining,because the costs are too high.A solution for that is to use the same language-settings the server currently uses.