Coal


 * This article is about the Coal lump. For the ore, see Coal (Ore).

Coal lumps are harvested directly from coal ore blocks, which must be destroyed using any level of pickaxe. After this, they cannot be reverted back into block form.

They are quite efficient as a source of fuel for Furnaces, being able to smelt eight units of ore per lump of coal (hence eight lumps will smelt a full stack of 64 ore units)... although Planks are the best renewable option (albeit a much less efficient one in terms of time spent, at least, until your nearby coal supplies are exhausted). Coal lumps are also the only fuel accepted by Powered Minecarts (providing approximately four minutes of transit each), although, again, Minecart boosters may be a better fast-transit choice in the long run.

The only purpose for which coal could be considered required is the creation of torches, which are essential for prolonged underground exploration - although there are other permanent light sources, none come close in terms of convenience and availability (carrying 64 lumps of coal allows you to craft up to 256 torches (assuming you have at least eight Logs with you), and odds are you'll be harvesting yet more coal as you dig). Perhaps the best alternative to coal-based lighting would be Netherrack, which, if manually ignited, will burn forever.

Torches can be crafted from a coal rock and a Stick. They come in stacks of four.

Charcoal
Charcoal was an addition to Minecraft in version Beta 1.2. Smelting Wood in a furnace creates Charcoal, which can be substituted for Coal in any usage case, including making torches and smelting objects. This will undoubtedly make it easier to survive your first night as it allows the player to make torches much more easily, as no coal needs to be mined in order to craft torches anymore. Charcoal does not stack with Coal.

Smelting


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Efficiency
It is more efficient, though time-consuming, to turn wood into charcoal for smelting than to use wood for smelting. Ordinarily, a wood block smelts six items if broken into planks: each wood block makes four planks, and each plank smelts 1.5 items. However, one wood block can be smelted into one charcoal block, and each piece of charcoal smelts eight items, just like coal.

Therefore, it is more efficient to take seven wood blocks, turn one wood block into planks, and use those four planks to smelt the other six unbroken wood blocks into charcoal. Those six charcoal can then smelt 48 items. Ordinarily, seven wood blocks would only smelt 42 items, since seven wood blocks makes 28 planks. This process thus gives a six-item smelting increase over using planks for fuel. It does, however, require waiting for the six logs to become charcoal.

Moreover, if you begin with a single coal or charcoal, then you can smelt 8 wood blocks and make 8 charcoal, replace your starting charcoal and keep the other 7, making for a total of 56 smelts from those 8 wood blocks, though there is even more time required for smelting the logs.

Trivia

 * Stated by Notch in a livestream, charcoal is just a name class edit of coal, explaining why it functions like coal.