Taxicab distance



Taxicab distance, also known as rectilinear distance, city block distance, Manhattan distance, and other names, is a metric in taxicab geometry for measuring distance, as an alternative to Euclidean distance (straight-line, or "as the crow flies"). Minecraft uses taxicab distance as an efficient range measurement in several elements of the game.

Calculation
In Minecraft, the distance between two points in three-dimensional space can be measured in taxicab or Euclidean distance, depending on the situation.

Given two points in 3-D space $$(x_1, y_1, z_1)$$ and $$(x_2, y_2, z_2)$$, the straight-line distance (Euclidean distance) between them is:
 * $$d = \sqrt{(x_1 - x_2)^2 + (y_1 - y_2)^2 + (z_1 - z_2)^2}$$

The square root operation, if it needs to be done many times during a game tick, can be processor intensive, particularly on mobile devices that may have slow processors. The taxicab distance is a simplified calculation that eliminates the square root by simply calculating the absolute value (positive value) of the difference between each coordinate value:
 * $$d = |x_1 - x_2| + |y_1 - y_2| + |z_1 - z_2|$$

A consequence of this calculation is that a taxicab "circle" drawn with a constant taxicab radius appears as a diamond, in which the taxicab radius equals the Euclidean radius only in the four cardinal directions (north, south, east, west), and the radius is shorter in all other directions. Similarly, in three dimensions, a taxicab "sphere" appears as an octahedron.

Taxicab
Minecraft makes use of taxicab distance in various situations:
 * Light from light sources such as torches, campfires, lanterns, glowstone, etc. illuminate surfaces according to taxicab distance.
 * Torches also also melt snow layers within 2 blocks and ice within 3 blocks taxicab distance.
 * Heat blocks melt snow layers and ice within 2 blocks taxicab distance, but do not emit light.
 * Liquid (water or lava) flowing horizontally on a flat surface flows from the source in taxicab distance. For example, if flowing water is forced into a 1-block-wide stream and turns corners, it travels 7 blocks. If it is allowed to flow freely on a surface, it also travels 7 blocks taxicab distance.
 * Simulation distance, the distance from the player at which blocks get tick updates (such as lightning strikes), and beyond which mobs despawn, uses taxicab distance.
 * A sponge absorbs water up to 7 blocks away in taxicab distance (an octahedral volume centered on the sponge).
 * Phantoms spawn 20–34 blocks above the player, and off to the side by a taxicab distance of up to 10 blocks.
 * If bone meal is used on a grass block, then grass, tall grass, or flowers form on random grass blocks up to 7 taxicab blocks away. Similarly, using bone meal on sea pickles that are on coral blocks creates more sea pickles on nearby coral blocks out to a horizontal taxicab distance of 2.
 * A block of copper is oxidized according to a taxicab distance search for unwaxed copper blocks within 4 blocks of the block being considered for oxidation.
 * Shulkers can move along only one of the three grid axes at a time and on integer steps, meaning that they move according to taxicab geometry.

Euclidean
Situations in which Euclidean distance is used:
 * Nether portal searches for destination portals
 * The command
 * Despawning range in Java Edition
 * Lightning rods redirect lightning within a Euclidean spherical volume centered on the rod, having a radius of 128 blocks in Java Edition and 64 blocks in Bedrock Edition.