Tutorials/Hunger management

Hunger is a feature in Minecraft that requires you to eat in order to survive. Hunger is not used in Creative mode, nor on Peaceful difficulty, nor on Pocket Edition, and it's generally impossible to eat (except golden apples) in those modes. Hunger is represented by a bar next to the health bar. As this bar drains away, various unpleasant things happen, starting with losing your healing ability, and culminating with taking starvation damage. There is also a hidden variable called "saturation", which is exhausted first, before your visible hunger starts to drop. Eating food will replenish various amounts of both hunger and saturation.

Effects of Hunger
There are two hunger variables you need to worry about: Your visible hunger bar, and a hidden value which is officially miscalled "saturation". Both range from 0 to 20 (hunger is shown in half-shanks), but saturation cannot exceed your hunger. As you move about, fight, mine, etc, saturation drains away, and when saturation reaches zero, your hunger bar will start to ripple, and hunger starts to drain away in place of saturation. In order, the things that will hunger you the most are: Healing damage (most of a food point per health point!), a "sprint jump", sprinting any distance, attacking monsters or receiving damage (from any source), and jumping. More specifically, sprinting two meters costs the same amount of hunger as jumping once, and sprinting three meters costs as much hunger as taking damage or attacking does.

When your hunger drops below 90%, you stop healing automatically. When it drops below 30%, you will be unable to sprint. And when your hunger drops to 0, you start taking damage from your health. On Easy mode, starvation damage will not lower you below half your maximum health, while on Normal mode, it can reduce you to a single hit point. On Hard mode, starvation can kill. Interestingly, the Protection enchantment on armor reduces starvation damage.

While eating is essential to keep your health up, it is not always needed. On Easy and Normal modes the health bar will stop decreasing just before death, so if the player takes care not to take any further damage, they can continue playing normally. In fact, many players drain their hunger to 0 whilst making a farm. Obviously, this is much riskier in multiplayer servers with PvP, as well as adventuring.

With the exception of Golden Apples, you cannot eat when your hunger is at max; when you do eat, each food item restores a specific amount of hunger and saturation. Many items restore more saturation than hunger, but remember that saturation is itself limited by hunger. Do not worry about "wasting" hunger, because if you are losing visible hunger, your saturation meter is empty, and you will soon lose more hunger anyway. Thus, it is still a good idea to eat even when your hunger bar is nearly full, as you will also gain saturation.

Food
Food is a specific type of item that can be eaten by clicking with the mouse, but (mostly) only when you are actually hungry -- that is, when your hunger bar is not at maximum. Food restores both the hunger bar and saturation, with different foods filling different amounts of each. You can obtain food through crafting, farming, and killing mobs. Many of the more nourishing foods (that is, meat and fish) need to be cooked (smelted) for full effect. (If the animals were killed by fire, they may drop their meat pre-cooked!)

Foods can be divided into five tiers, according to how much saturation they restore per hunger unit ("nourishment"). As noted above, more nourishing foods should be eaten when the hunger bar is closer to full, to avoid wasting their high saturation values. This leads to an oddity: When you're very hungry, it's better to eat dessert first, but save room for the real meal!

A few foods also have special effects, mostly bad. While the golden apple can heal you, other foods can poison you (losing hit points), or give you food poisoning (draining your hunger bar). For these, there is milk, obtained by using a bucket on a cow. While milk doesn't restore hunger or saturation, it does wipe away all status effects, which can be handy when you need to eat something that may poison you or give your food poisoning.

Here are the various foods, by category:

Special foods
Crafted with precious metal, these have a nourishment of 2.4.


 * Golden Apple
 * Restores 


 * Golden Apples can be crafted or (rarely) found in dungeon chests. While only restoring, they grant 5 seconds of regeneration and 2 minutes of absorption, giving the player an extra 2 hearts. Golden Apples also restore 9.6 saturation, a large amount considering their low hunger restoration. Aside from the regular Golden Apple, an enchanted version can be crafted which gives regeneration, resistance and fire resistance. They are, however, expensive.


 * Golden Carrot
 * Restores 


 * Golden Carrots can only be crafted, but are cheaper than golden apples and restore more than them. They also restore 14.4 saturation, the highest of any food currently in the game. The downside is that they are too expensive to be an efficient food source in survival mode unless a gold farm can be made. Golden Carrots can also be used to make potions of night vision.

Top-tier foods
These have a nourishment of 1.6 -- the most nourishing of the ordinary foods.


 * Steak and Porkchops
 * Restores (cooked)


 * Both of these foods have the same restorative value, and can be found relatively early on, provided there are cows and\or pigs nearby. When possible, fence them up near your shelter to breed them. This way, a reliable supply of food can be established.


 * Spider Eyes
 * ''Restores


 * Although they only restore and poison you for 4 seconds (draining  over time), spider eyes do restore a large amount of saturation. This is useful if you are already at/near  (since poison does not drain your health past half a heart) and you only need to restore a small amount of hunger to start healing again.

Second-tier foods
These have a nourishment of 1.2 -- the staple foods, cheap and fairly nourishing.


 * Cooked Chicken
 * Restores ''


 * Chickens are easier to find than most other passive mobs, and also lay eggs, which can be brought to a fenced-off area and hatched. As chickens only need seeds to breed, this makes them a good source of food if they can be found. However, they do not restore as much hunger or saturation as other meats.


 * Cooked Fish
 * Restores (cooked)


 * If you can find string, fishing is a good source of food. It is safer than some other food sources, as water can be brought to your shelter with a bucket. However, meats and bread restore a similar amount of hunger and are often easier to obtain.


 * Cooked Salmon
 * Restores (cooked)


 * Similar to cooked fish, however this type restores more than the regular fish. They are also rarer to catch than the normal fish.


 * Mushroom Stew
 * Restores 


 * If mushrooms can be found, mushroom stew can be a reliable food source. As the ingredients stack and the recipe can be made in the 2x2 crafting menu, mushroom stew can be a useful food source when exploring. Another option is the mushroom biome, where right-clicking the resident mooshrooms with a bowl will fill the bowl with stew. However, mushroom stew does not stack, so carrying a lot of stew takes up a lot of inventory space.


 * Bread
 * Restores 


 * Bread is one of the easiest foods to obtain early in the game, as a farm can be started by a lake with only a wooden hoe and some seeds. However, it is likely the player will find more efficient food sources later in the game.


 * Baked Potato
 * Restores 


 * Although hard to find initially, potatoes are an efficient food source once found, as each potato plant can drop up to 4 potatoes. Unlike bread and carrots, potatoes do require cooking for the full effect. Also, in 1.8, baked potatoes only restore.


 * Carrot
 * Restores 


 * Similar to potatoes, but do not need to be cooked. However, they only restore, making them less efficient than baked potatoes or meat. They are useful when a furnace cannot be accessed or to fill a drained hunger meter before eating something more nourishing.

Third-tier foods
These have a nourishment of 0.6, suitable for filling up your hunger meter before you eat something more substantial. These include the uncooked versions of potatoes and the various meats, plus a few "half-dessert" foods.


 * Pumpkin Pie
 * Restores 


 * Pumpkin Pie is crafted with pumpkins, sugar and eggs, which can be found almost everywhere in the overworld, making it an easily accessible food source. Pumpkin Pie is a good food to fill a heavily drained hunger meter before eating something more nourishing.


 * Apple
 * Restores 


 * Apples are found when oak leaves are broken or decay, making them available early on depending on where you spawn. They only restore, so the player will likely find more efficient food sources.


 * Melon
 * Restores 


 * Melons are hard to obtain early on unless you spawn near a village or in a jungle biome. They only restore and little saturation, so the player will likely have more efficient food sources by the time a melon farm can be set up.However, they can be useful to fill a heavily drained hunger bar and to keep your hunger meter topped up while exploring.


 * Raw Fish
 * Restores 


 * Raw fish is not nearly as nourishing as cooked fish, however they can be useful if you have no other food source and to tame ocelots.


 * Raw Salmon
 * Restores 


 * Same as raw fish, good as emergency food or taming ocelots.


 * Raw Chicken
 * Restores 


 * Raw Chicken will cause food poisoning 30% of the time, and only restores, however wolves can eat it without being poisoned.


 * Raw Beef and Raw Porkchop
 * Restores 


 * As with raw fish, they can be used as emergency food, but far less nourishing than cooked.


 * Potato
 * Restores 


 * Similar to meat, far less nourishing than baked potatoes.


 * Poisonous potato
 * Restores 


 * Dropped when farming potatoes, usable as emergency food but has a 60% chance to inflict the poison effect.

Junk foods
With a nourishment value of 0.2, these can top off your hunger meter long enough for you to heal a bit, but you will rapidly become hungry again afterwards.


 * Cookies
 * Restores 


 * The raw ingredients of cookies, wheat and cocoa beans, can be farmed in large quantities, and 8 cookies are made each time. The downside is that they are less nourishing than most other foods, so you will become hungry shortly after eating them.


 * Cake
 * Restores (slice),  (whole)


 * Although cake restores a lot of hunger, it does not restore much saturation. It is also complicated to craft. Cake is not stackable in the inventory, and must be placed on a block to eat. Cake cannot be retrieved once placed, so you will need to return to the same place every time to eat some. Other food sources are more efficient, restoring a similar amount of hunger and saturation, and are stackable.


 * Rotten Flesh
 * Restores 


 * Obtained from zombies, rotten flesh has an 80% chance to give the player food poisoning, so it is only efficient as an emergency food and when you have milk on hand to cure the poison. Wolves can, however, eat rotten flesh without being poisoned.


 * Clownfish
 * Restores 


 * Clownfish is a rare catch from fishing. It only restores, so it is only useful as an emergency food. It can also be used to tame ocelots.


 * Pufferfish
 * Restores 


 * Although pufferfish may look ok, do not eat them!. They will inflict hunger, poison and nausea effects, draining and keeping you down to  for 48 seconds. Pufferfish can be used beneficially in brewing to create water breathing potions, and can be fed to ocelots without poisoning them.

Automation
A number of food items can have their production automated.


 * Raw and cooked chicken
 * Eggs can be collected from chickens by hoppers and then thrown by dispensers to make baby chickens. Timed mechanisms can then kill or burn the chickens after they grow up to produce raw or cooked chicken automatically.


 * Melon
 * Melons can be harvested with pistons and hoppers at regular intervals with a clocked mechanism or as soon as they grow by detecting them with redstone power or a block update detector.


 * Rotten Flesh
 * Rotten flesh can be auto-harvested with a mob farm.

Emergency measures
If your hunger meter is dropping and you have no food in hand, there are a few emergency measures you can take, depending on available resources:


 * Mushroom Soup
 * If you have both kinds of mushrooms handy and enough wood for bowls (three planks of any type), don't forget mushroom soup!


 * Milk
 * If you have a bucket and a cow, milk the cow: The milk will let you fill up on rotten or raw meat, then cure the resulting illness. You can even eat spider eyes or poisonous potatoes, and then cure the poison.


 * Local animals
 * On the surface: Kill a cow, pig, or chicken. Cook the meat if at all possible, but even eating it raw will fend off utter starvation.


 * Fast crops
 * If you have any potatoes or carrots, and some bone meal (craft 3 from one skeleton bone), you can make a hoe and till some dirt near any water source, then plant your vegetables and use the bone meal to make them mature more quickly. It can take several pieces of bonemeal to get a mature plant. Cooking the potatoes is also a good idea.


 * If you have the bone meal but no carrots or potatoes, you can destroy some tall grass near a river or lake, make and use a hoe, then plant seeds and use the bone meal to rapidly grow your wheat. The same caveats as above apply to the use of bone meal.


 * Fishing
 * If you have string, wood, and water: Fishing is relatively quick, at least you can get one or two fish within a minute.  Note that you can fish in a waterfall.


 * Doing nothing
 * You don't lose hunger bars if you aren't doing anything (walking, mining, healing, etc.). In hardcore mode especially, this can be a necessary strategy while waiting for crops or baby animals to grow.


 * Death
 * A last-ditch measure: If you're close to your bed or spawn point, stuff your inventory and armor into a chest or two … then die. On hard mode, you can just wait to die of starvation, otherwise good methods are drowning, jumping off cliffs, or dropping gravel/sand on yourself. You will respawn with full health and hunger bars, and can then reclaim your stuff. Naturally, this method doesn't apply in hardcore mode. Note that this isn't a totally free solution: you lose experience.