Smelting

Smelting is a method of producing refined goods in Minecraft, also known as melting, baking, cooking, burning, drying, or producing. It has the same idea as crafting; one must put in acceptable ingredients, and a corresponding output will be given. However, smelting utilizes furnace blocks, which have a unique interface: one "input" field for the object that will be heated, one field for the fuel, and one "output" field for the final smelted product. For example, two saplings (fuel) could be used to smelt one wood (input) into one charcoal (output).

Usage and mechanics
To smelt something, an input material and a fuel must be placed into the furnace. It will begin to smelt on its own and will continue to work if the menu is closed and the player leaves. You can tell whether a furnace is working or not by seeing if the furnace is lit or not and if the fire particle effects are appearing or not. When the furnace begins to smelt, it will consume one piece of fuel and the fire gauge will fill up. After a piece of fuel has started burning, you cannot stop it from burning. As the input smelts, the fire gauge will slowly recede until it is gone, and then the next piece of fuel will be used. If there is no more fuel left, the furnace will be interrupted and the item will not be smelted. If the fuel is burning and runs out of input, the fire gauge will continue to burn down, wasting the burn time left. Once the fire gauge is out, no more fuel will be used.

As things smelt, an arrow icon represents the smelting process. Each smelting operation takes 10 seconds and the progress will be shown on the arrow. If the furnace runs out of fuel before the arrow is filled up, then the input will not be smelted and the process will rewind at 2x speed. When the arrow fills up completely, one input item will be put into the output field as an output item.

If the player leaves a furnace while it is smelting and travels so far that the chunks unload, the smelting process will halt until the player returns. Smelting will also pause if one leaves the dimension the furnace is located in. If the player sleeps in a bed while a furnace is smelting items, the furnace's progress will be the same as if the bed had not been used and no additional time had passed. This is because when a player sleeps in a bed, no time actually passes. Instead, the game sets the time of day to morning.

Wasting ores
The following ores can be smelted, but in these cases this is unnecessary and wasteful. All these ores will yield their product freely when mined with an appropriate pickaxe. The ore blocks themselves can only be obtained with the Silk Touch enchantment. Also, these ores either produce multiple drops when mined, or they may do so when mined with a Fortune-enchanted pickaxe. Smelting, however, will always give only a single unit of the product. Mining the ore blocks will also give far more experience.

Other smeltable items
A note about fractional experience values: For fractional values, first multiply this value by the number of smelted items removed from the furnace, then award the player the whole-number part, and if there is a fractional part remaining, this represents the chance of an additional experience point.
 * For example, when smelting 1 coal ore and removing the coal, the value is 0.1, so this grants a 10% chance of getting 1 experience point.
 * Or, when smelting 6 sea pickles and removing all 6 lime dye, the value is 0.2 * 6 = 1.2, so this grants 1 point, plus a 20% chance of an additional point.

Fuel
There are multiple fuels that can be used to smelt items. The type of fuel that should be used depends on the number of items in question.

For larger jobs, a single lava bucket or a block of coal can burn more items than what will fit in the furnace—both input and output are limited to a stack of 64, but a block of coal burns 80 items, and lava can burn 100 items.

Alternately, you can use hoppers on top and bottom of the furnace. This will automatically feed and empty the furnace, but loses the experience gained by manually unloading the furnace. However, as of 1.13, the experience is saved. If you take out an item, you will claim all of the experience stored within. For larger smelting jobs, a third hopper can feed in fuel (empty buckets will go in the output hopper).

Trivia

 * It takes 10 minutes and 40 seconds to smelt a stack of 64 items in a single furnace, although this time can be reduced by splitting the load between multiple furnaces. This can be reduced even further by using redstone mechanics.
 * Burning logs or wood with wood planks to make charcoal is over 4 times (×4.57) more efficient than using the log or wood itself as fuel. It is just over 1$1/4$ times more efficient than using planks.
 * The most efficient fuel to make charcoal is charcoal itself.
 * Turning coal into blocks of coal is slightly more efficient (x1.11) than using the coal itself as fuel. For 9 coal, you get 80 smelts instead of the usual 72.
 * If you want to use wooden tools as fuel, the most efficient way is to use it until its durability reaches 1, then use it as a fuel afterwards.
 * "Smelting" is a pretty broad term in the context of Minecraft while in the real world, smelting has a more precise definition.