Tutorials/Block update detector

The Block Update Detector, or "BUD switch", is a redstone mechanism that exploits bugs and quirks in the game in order to detect changes in nearby blocks. There are many different designs, but they are all based on the same general idea: a redstone circuit is put in a state that should be unstable, but is stable due to some block within not being notified of changes in the circuit that would otherwise affect it. This lazy block then functions as the "sensor". When an adjacent block changes state in some way, it sends a notification to the sensor block and "wakes it up". The circuit then performs some other action and goes back into the sleeping state.

What it detects
The BUD switch detects the following events when they happen next to the sensor block:


 * Placement of blocks
 * Destruction of blocks
 * Re-flowing of water or lava
 * Freezing of water or melting of ice
 * Gravel or sand landing from a fall
 * Movement of blocks by pistons, and the movement of pistons themselves
 * Endermen picking up and putting down blocks
 * Growth of plants, including: cacti, carrots, flowers, grass, melons and melon stems, mushrooms, potatoes, pumpkins and pumpkin stems, sugar cane, and wheat. (Not cocoa beans)
 * Leaf growth and decay
 * Growth and death of grass blocks
 * Dirt becoming farmland, farmland becoming hydrated, farmland reverting to dirt (but this can be more easily detected with a repeater)
 * Fire igniting or burning out
 * Redstone ore starting to glow, or stopping
 * Changes in redstone state or power level, and activation of redstone devices
 * Setting the delay on a repeater
 * A furnace starting to smelt, or finishing
 * Rails changing orientation
 * TNT igniting and becoming an entity
 * Silverfish entering a block
 * Cake being eaten
 * Opening or closing of a Chest (or a Trapped Chest)
 * Tying a lead to a fence

Block and block state changes a BUD will not detect (some of them can be detected when a CUD is used) include:
 * Grass blocks changing to dirt due to sheep "eating" the grass
 * Opening or closing a door, trapdoor, or fence gate
 * Inserting or removing music discs from a jukebox
 * Placing an Eye of Ender in an Ender Portal block
 * Nether wart growth
 * Natural tree growth (tree growth forced by bonemeal can be detected)
 * Changing the water level of a cauldron with a glass bottle or water bucket.
 * Placement of a glass bottle (empty or filled) in a brewing stand
 * An anvil becoming slightly damaged or very damaged

Types of BUD Switches
Below is a comprehensive video from SethBling, which showcases a variety of compact block update detectors, mostly making use of the redstone block.

Water Based
This BUD switch takes advantage of the fact that water flows toward the nearest hole, but it doesn't notice new holes until it is updated for some other reason. The water source block acts as the sensor. This design is outdated and is more complicated than newer designs.





This variation is simpler but not resettable.



Piston Based
Many BUD switch designs exploit a bug in the way pistons are powered. A piston can receive power through the space directly above it, as if it were two blocks high. In this case, the power source is either above and to the side of the piston, or two blocks above it. However, when powered in this way, the piston does not immediately notice changes in the state of the power source. When some other block update happens next to the piston, it will "wake up" and react to the change. By forming a loop, where the state of the piston controls the state of its power source, it becomes the sensor of a simple BUD switch:



In this design, the piston will only extend in response to an adjacent block update, but after extending it will immediately retract because the arm of the piston notices the repeater next to it turning off. This is how a piston BUD resets itself: by having the power run next to the extended piston arm, with a delay.

Note: If the block diagonally adjacent to the sticky piston becomes horizontally adjacent, the circuit will constantly pulse instead.

This design can be extended with multiple sensor blocks. All of the pistons in this design are sensors.



A 1-wide BUD that uses piston-connectivity to respond to block updates:



Alternative method: if you take a sticky piston facing parallel to the ground, then place a Block of Redstone on it's face, and connect the Block of Redstone out to the side of the piston through a repeater that goes into a block diagonally adjacent to the piston, it works a fully functional BUD in 1.5. Then, if you set a delay of any number of ticks OTHER than the default 1-tick delay on the repeater, it turns into a T-BUD. This process can also be reversed by setting the repeater back to it's default 1-tick setting. (only works since release of Redstone Blocks, though you could theoretically use a normal block and a Redstone Torch to mimic it's effects.)

This video discusses a number of BUD designs using pistons and Blocks of Redstone, not all of them using piston quasiconnectivity.

Stuck-Piston Based
The following designs works because pistons can't be pushed by other pistons while extended. And when a piston retracts, it doesn't notify any other pistons that were trying to push it. The piston with the block attached to it is sticky and acts as the sensor. This design has the advantage of a low profile, and also that the quirk it exploits is less "buggy" and less likely to be fixed in the future.





The latter design above can also be extended to an array in a variety of ways, including a one-wide design.





The more compact versions were first discovered in the video below.

The stuck-piston principle can also be used to hide a BUD completely underground, as shown by this video: Underground BUD Switch

Redstone Dust Based
Quirks with redstone power propagation can be exploited to make BUD switches. One advantage of these designs is that they are silent.

These two BUD switches take advantage of the strange properties of redstone dust placed on top of glowstone or upside-down slabs. The piece of dust on top of the glowstone or upside-down slabs acts as the sensor. It does only work with the torch facing north/south.



The following less compact design exploits an older bug involving redstone power level decay. The lever is on. The long redstone wire can be routed in various ways, but its length must be exactly the same as in this example. The sensor is the piece of redstone dust on top of the diamond block. That piece of dust does not need to be raised above the rest, but doing so exposes more of its sides to detect block updates.



These BUDs stopped working on 1.5 when redstone dust updating bugs were fixed. Kept here for legacy purposes.

Redstone Lamp Based
You can make a BUD switch out of a Redstone Lamp by adding it to another BUD switch which detects the On/Off states of the lamp. This is based on the fact that if you have a redstone signal pointing directly at the redstone lamp, you can go down 1 block to the sides, place a redstone dust there, place a block on top of the placed dust, the lamp will not update. It will only update once something updates adjacent to the redstone lamp. The other BUD detects that the game realizes that the redstone lamp has to be powered, and will update the other BUD.

This BUD stopped working on 1.5 when redstone lamps stopped giving updates when turn off. Now there's another way to make this BUD using tall grass to detect if the lamp was turned off.

Powered Rail Based
This method uses a bug in the Powered Rail, which allows it to be powered without a redstone input. The first known occurrence of this type of BUD is here:

Variations
Other devices can be built using the same underlying principle as the BUD switch.

T-BUD
By eliminating the reset mechanism of a BUD switch, it becomes a T-BUD or Toggle-BUD. This device has two stable states, which it switches between when it detects a block update next to the piston. This is equivalent to a normal BUD connected to a T Flip-Flop, but much simpler to build. It is useful for tracking the state of blocks like furnaces, grass/dirt, and beds. However, it has useful capabilities for placing some blocks two blocks away. When placing a piece of Redstone two blocks away, the t-bud activates when it is destroyed only. When placing a repeater two blocks away, the t-bud activates only on the placement.

CUD
A CUD is a circuit based on a Comparator that detects comparator updates, such as interactions in a chest, placement of a signs or command blocks being changed. It also detects normal block changes and some data changes. Comparators usually output a signal when an inventory block (such as a chest) with items in it is next to a comparator (or seperated from the comparator with a solid block). When the Comparator detects changes, it updates itself which lets the Comparator itself 'notice' that it should not output a current, because the chest is blocked by a block. The piston is only required to automatically reset the CUD.

History
The earliest known BUD switch is on the Minecraft Forums.  The term "BUD switch" was later coined by YouTuber EthosLab. 

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