Coal Ore

"Coal ore generates naturally in the overworld, and you'll find it all over the place - from the tippiest tops of mountains, to dark caves and the bottom of the ocean, all the way down to bedrock level. In fact, every chunk of the map is home to an average of about 140 coal ore, so if you're hunting coal, then you won't be looking for long. Veins of coal ore vary in size - you might only find a few blocks together close to the surface, but underground you'll find much bigger clumps - especially if there's a fossil in the neighbourhood."

- Duncan Geere

Coal ore is a mineral block that drops coal when mined.

Natural generation
Coal ore can generate in the Overworld in the form of mineral veins. Coal ore attempts to generate 20 times per chunk in veins of size 1-17, from levels 0 to 127, in all biomes.

Coal ore is also found in small amounts alongside underground fossils.

Breaking
Coal ore must be mined with any pickaxe, or else it drops nothing. If mined with a pickaxe, coal ore drops 1 coal (or more with Fortune). If mined with Silk Touch, the block drops itself instead.

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