Region file format

The Region file format is a storage format for Minecraft chunks introduced in Beta 1.3, in which groups of 32×32 chunks (512×256×512 blocks, 67,108,864 total) are stored in a region file. This file format took the place of the Alpha level format, which had been in use since the Infdev development phase, in which chunks were stored in individual files. It could be said that a region is a part of a file system where the header shows the player positions for each file and sector is the allocation size.

The system is based on McRegion, a mod by Scaevolus, also known for his development of the Optimine project. The McRegion format was adopted nearly unchanged, except for the addition of a table of chunk update timestamps. JahKob has claimed that this format is up to 7 times faster than the previous system. The difference in a world's total file size between the Region file format and the Alpha level format is negligible.

The format has been superseded by the Anvil file format; however, the Anvil file format made changes only to the Chunk format and changed only the region file extensions from ".mcr" to ".mca".

Region file location
Region files are located in a subfolder of the world directory called "region", and have names in the form, where x and z are the region's coordinates. The coordinates for the region a chunk belongs to can be found by taking the floor of the chunk coordinates divided by 32.

$$:

int regionX = (int)floor(chunkX / 32.0); int regionZ = (int)floor(chunkZ / 32.0);

Or in bit-operation(bit shift):

int regionX = chunkX >> 5 int regionZ = chunkZ >> 5

For example, a chunk at (30, -3) would be in the region (0, -1), and one at (70, -30) would be at (2, -1).

Structure
Region files begin with an 8kiB header containing information about which chunks are present in the region file, when they were last updated, and where they can be found. The location in the region file of a chunk at (x, z) (in chunk coordinates) must be found at byte offset 4 * ((x mod 32) + (z mod 32) * 32) in its region file. In case the values of x mod 32 or z mod 32 are negative (which happens when using % operator in Java/C/C++), simply add 32 or the player can replace mod with & (AND operator). Offset calculation look like this: 4 * ((x & 31) + (z & 31) * 32). Its timestamp can be found 4096 bytes later in the file. The remainder of the file consists of data for up to 1024 chunks, interspersed with unused space.

Chunk location
Location information for a chunk consists of four bytes split into two fields: the first three bytes are a (big-endian) offset in 4KiB sectors from the start of the file, and a remaining byte that gives the length of the chunk (also in 4KiB sectors, rounded up). Chunks are always less than 1MiB in size. If a chunk isn't present in the region file (e.g. because it hasn't been generated or migrated yet), both fields are zero.

A chunk with an offset of 2 begins right after the timestamps table.

Chunk timestamps
The entries in the timestamp table are individual four-byte big-endian integers, representing the last modification time of a chunk in epoch seconds.

Chunk data
Chunk data begins with a (big-endian) four-byte length field that indicates the exact length of the remaining chunk data in bytes. The following byte indicates the compression scheme used for chunk data, and the remaining (length-1) bytes are the compressed chunk data.

Minecraft always pads the last chunk's data to be a multiple-of-4096B in length (so that the entire file has a size that is a multiple of 4KiB). Minecraft does not accept files in which the last chunk is not padded. Note that this padding is not included in the length field.

There are currently two defined compression schemes:

The uncompressed data is in NBT format and follows the information detailed on the chunk format article; if compressed with compression scheme 1, the compressed data would be the same as the on-disk content of an Alpha chunk file. Note that chunks are always saved using compression scheme 2 by the official client.

Migration and level.dat
Beta 1.3 converts any "old" chunks into region files before loading the world, rather than incrementally as they are loaded during play. As part of the conversion,  is updated with TAG_Int("version") (note case) set to 19132. Beta 1.3 also introduces a new level name field, TAG_String("LevelName"). There's also introduced new TAG_Byte("Sleeping") in player TAG_Compounds - level.dat in singleplayer, [player name].dat in multiplayer that indicates whether is player in the bed. It has value 1(true) or 0(false). For the beta 1.8, TAG_Int("GameType") was added. In beta 1.9, TAG_byte("hardcore") was added.

The format of level.dat is otherwise unchanged.

Software
The community has developed programs to work with region files:

Spielstand-Speicherung/Region Format Format de fichier Région Regio bestandsformaat 区域文件格式