Trading

The trading system is a gameplay mechanic that allows players to trade principally emeralds for items (and vice-versa) with villagers as well as wandering traders.

Mechanics
Pressing on an adult villager with a profession, or on a wandering trader, opens a menu, allowing a player to trade with the villager or wandering trader. This action pauses any pathfinding the entity was doing. $$, an emerald appears above the entity's head while its trading menu is open. If the entity takes damage while trading, the trading menu closes.

All transactions involve emeralds. Villagers buy or sell goods for emeralds, and wandering traders sell items for emeralds, but do not buy items. Trading is the only legitimate method of acquiring the globe banner pattern, woodland explorer maps and ocean explorer maps in Survival mode. It is also the only renewable way to obtain bell, diamond gear, lapis lazuli, bottles o' enchanting, glass, bricks, terracotta, sand, red sand, coral blocks and small dripleaves.

Villagers have five career levels that can be increased by trading with them. Each villager starts at the "novice" level. A villager's level can be seen in the trading menu. The badge they wear can also be identified: stone for a novice, iron for an apprentice, gold for a journeyman, emerald for expert, and diamond for master. Trading until the villager's trading bar gets full unlocks the next level of trades. When a player trades with a villager, both the villager and the player gain experience. All villager trades reward the player with 3–6 experience, or 8–11 experience if the villager is willing to breed. Trading with a wandering trader also rewards the player some experience, although the trader does not have experience levels to gain. A villager levels up when its experience bar becomes full and gains up to two new trades, along with keeping their old ones. Additionally, a villager receives a Regeneration effect, and becomes surrounded by purple and green particles for ten seconds.

A villager's profession dictates the trading pool used to determine its trades. For example, villagers wearing straw hats are farmers, so their trades are based on the Farmer trade pool. Each profession unlocks a pre-defined and finite set of offers. Different professions are assigned to each villager based on their job-site block. This profession is indicated by their appearance and in the trading interface. Novice villagers who have not traded can lose their profession and change back into unemployed villagers if their claimed job site block is removed. Removing and then replacing a job site block can alter the trades offered, and a villager with no experience resets its trades every so often. Once a player trades with a villager, the villager keeps its profession forever and subsequently locks in the offered trades.

Villagers disable an offer after a certain number of trades, the exact number is different for each item and referenced in the tables below. When villagers work at their job site blocks, they activate their offers again, up to twice per day. When an offer is disabled, a red "X" appears in the trading interface, and the villager displays the same particle effect as an offer being created.

Villagers distinguish between data values, so damaged tools cannot be traded in place of fully repaired tools. NBT data, however, is ignored, so the content of a written book does not matter. However, written books can no longer be sold to villagers, and no villagers currently buy any tools that have durability.

Economics
$$, villagers can have a maximum of 10 trades. Each level unlocks a maximum of two new trades. If a level can pull from more than two trades, the two offered trades are chosen randomly from the set.

$$, villagers have 7–10 trade slots. Some slots with multiple possible trades display only one trade; for example, farmer villagers have 4 potential trades in their first trade slot, so each trade has a $$ chance to be chosen.

Each trade can be used a maximum number of times, after which the trade becomes disabled. Once trades are disabled, villagers must work at their corresponding job site block to resupply their trades.

The price of an item rises and falls depending on three factors. Items with a high price multiplier (0.2) are affected by these changes more than items with a low multiplier (0.05). All price fluctuations affect only the first item involved in trade; for example, for an initial trade of 32 sticks for 1 emerald, the price might be driven down to 1 stick or up to 64 sticks for 1 emerald, but never for 2 emeralds. Additionally, no quantity can go lower than 1 or higher than the stack size.

The first factor is demand. An item that was sold out gets a price increase for all players when resupplied. If a player does not trade for a higher-priced item, the price is reduced the next time the villager resupplies. Demand is tracked per item, not per villager, so a villager can offer a higher-priced trade for a single item while other items are cheaper. Trades that have a price multiplier of 0 are not affected by demand.

The second way to affect prices is the Hero of the Village effect, which temporarily reduces prices for the affected player depending on the level of the effect.

Finally, players get personal discounts or fines based on their reputation with that particular villager. A positive reputation is gained by curing zombie villagers (the villager that was cured gives a permanent discount much larger than the temporary discount in nearby villagers). To cure a zombie villager, a player must splash it with a splash potion or an arrow of weakness and then feed it a golden apple. The permanent discount is capped at 5 cures, while the temporary discount is capped at 8 cures. This stacking of discounts is apparently a bug, allowing a previously fixed issue to be recreated and may be changed in future updates, shown by the bug having the "Important" label in Mojang priority. $$, players can also gain negative reputation by hitting or killing villagers, and positive reputation by trading or splashing healing on villagers.

Nitwit
Nitwits are green-coated villagers. They cannot trade, nor can they change profession or gain a profession. If the player attempts to trade with a nitwit $$, the nitwit grunts and shakes its head.

Unemployed villager
Villagers without a job overlay are unemployed and cannot trade. They wear biome outfits without a professional overlay. An unemployed villager gains a profession by claiming an unclaimed job site block. For example, an unclaimed cartography table converts an unemployed villager into a cartographer when the villager claims it, and both the villager and the table emit green particles. An inaccessible (or destroyed) job site block causes the connected villager to lose its profession, but that does not affect the player's popularity in the village. If the player attempts to trade with an unemployed villager $1/4$, the villager grunts and shakes its head.

Java Edition offers
The villager pictured on the right is from the plains biome. To see villager professions dressed for other biomes, see.

Starting from Novice, at each level two more trades become available, unless there is only one trade within that level. If there are more than two possible trades, two are randomly selected.

Armorer
Job site block:

Butcher
Job site block:

Cartographer
Job site block:

Cleric
Job site block:



Farmer
Job site block:

Fisherman
Job site block:

Fletcher
Job site block:

Leatherworker
Job site block:

Librarian
Job site block:

Mason
Job site block:

Shepherd
Job site block:

Toolsmith
Job site block:

Weaponsmith
Job site block:

Armorer
Job site block:

Butcher
Job site block:

Cartographer
Job site block:

Cleric
Job site block:

Farmer
Job site block:

Fisherman
Job site block:

Fletcher
Job site block:

Leatherworker
Job site block:

Librarian
Job site block:

Shepherd
Job site block:

Stone Mason
Job site block:

Toolsmith
Job site block:

Weaponsmith
Job site block:

Wandering trader sales


Unlike other villagers, the wandering trader does not buy items in exchange for emeralds – it only sells items, using emeralds as a currency. Therefore, the following tables' leftmost column is how many emeralds the player needs to give to receive the items listed in the middle column of the table.

Java Edition sales
The wandering trader offers six trades in total: five random ordinary trades and one special trade. The five random trades are chosen from the list below.

The one random special trade is chosen from the list below. It is always the wandering trader's final trade offer.

Bedrock Edition sales
$$, wandering traders offers 6 random trades. Their trades are unaffected by demand.

Five of the random trades are shown in the table below:

The other random trade is shown below (these items are chosen for each wandering trader and always offered but only one of them):

Trivia

 * While diamonds are not renewable, their products (armor, tools, and weapons) are renewable via trading.
 * Originally rubies were going to be used for trading but it was replaced with the emerald because many fans could not tell ruby from redstone and Nathan Adams (Dinnerbone) is red-green colorblind and had a hard time figuring which ore was redstone and ruby.