Tutorials/TNT cannons

A cannon is a mechanism that uses TNT to launch TNT.

Main Components

 * Body, or Housing
 * Wiring
 * Charge wiring
 * Condensing Charge wiring
 * Shot wiring
 * Other wiring


 * Explosives
 * Charge
 * Condensing charge
 * Shot


 * Explosion Housing (Usually water)
 * Mounting Block

Basic Concepts

 * The Charge is an amount of TNT used to propel the Shot.
 * The charge must be housed in water when activated otherwise the cannon will self destruct.
 * To properly fire an active shot (and avoid destroying your cannon), you need to be sure that your charge activates before the shot is activated. Since the charge is housed in water it will not destroy your cannon, but the shot is not housed in water when actived, so it will destroy nearby blocks and injure nearby mobs.
 * Redstone is used to activate every block of TNT in the Charge simultaneously with the exception of Condenser charges, which are discussed in the appropriate section.
 * For maximum range, you want there to be an about 30 degree trajectory but with the least possible amount of matter (blocks) in between the charge and the shot, that way more of the charge's explosion reaches the shot.
 * So it's best for TNT cannons to be elevated off the ground depending on the wanted range of the cannon.

Naming Standards
A cannon's name should give those who read it a complete picture of its function, use, and method of operation. While it is impossible to anticipate every innovation in TNT Cannon technology, most cannons will benefit from using these standards in their formal, if not only, names.


 * The first number in a TNT cannon name designates how many vertical rows of TNT it has for the charge. The example cannon has 1.
 * The next number is the amount of shot TNT, or Shot the TNT cannon has. Again, the example cannon has 1.
 * Next, the number designates how many charge blocks of TNT the cannon has.
 * After that, you list how many repeaters there are, and how much they are set to. E.g. If you have 10 repeaters set to 4, (which by the way is the max setting) you would list R4.10. If there are no repeaters, you would write an M for manual.
 * If there is a condensation system, after you wrote the charge number, write a decimal point, then the amount of condensation charge TNT. If there is no TNT, write 0 instead of a condensation number.
 * The mounting block is designated by a code, 0 for no block, 1 for no block, 2 for full block, 3 for slab, 4 for ladder, glass pane, or iron bar, 5 for trapdoor, 6 for fence post and pressure plate, 7 for piston.
 * If the cannon does something special, like shoot vertically, or does a spread shot, write that after the mounting block code.
 * Then, of course, the nickname of the cannon goes here.

The featured TNT cannon below would be named 114.0R4.4MB2

Survival Mode
As discussed in basic concepts, there are many parts of a TNT cannon. This section will show you what you need to build them.

1. Body
 * In SMP, where cannons are most used, the body should be an available material, but should not be totally un-blast resistant. If you are firing at another cannon, the blast resistance of the material is a must. (For more on TNT cannon defenses, look below)
 * Another factor is visibility, which is one commonly overlooked. When making a cannon out of obsidian, it is hard to see redstone, and that can lead to fatal errors. On the other end, when setting up an ambush in the jungle, it is best not to make your cannon out of orange wool or lapis.

2. Wiring With repeaters is a different story. The maximum amount of time between the charge activating and the shot activating is ten repeaters set to 4. That will also bring you maximum range, will only require one redstone power source, and will require no skill to fire correctly.
 * There are two main sets of wiring in a cannon, the charge wiring which activates the charge, and the shot wiring that activates the shot. Without any repeaters, which can be hard to get, a cannon is designated as manual, with 2 redstone power sources/blocks, such as buttons. For a manual cannon, the materials are simple, just a redstone wire that connects the charge to a redstone emitting item, and a wire that connects the shot to a redstone power source. However, this requires skill so as not to misfire, you must know when to activate each button.

3. Mounting Block
 * Mounting blocks (described below) are only certain special blocks.

4. Explosion Housing
 * Unless its a dry cannon, this must be water.

For cannon practice against player and stationary targets in the heat of the battle, try the server pvp.oc.tc on maps like shroom trip and mideval warfare.

Creative Mode
In creative mode, there is no reason to build a TNT cannon for warfare, but is the optimal mode for testing and developing cannons.

Limitations, and ways to Possibly get around them

 * The two big, main limits to TNT cannon engineering are 1. That no matter what you do, a TNT will explode approx. 4 seconds or 8 flashes after being primed. The way to sidestep this is to make the TNT fly faster, but that leads us to limit 2. Minecraft can only take so much, and Entities flying at escape velocity around your Minecraft world can cause it to crash. Another thing that can cause crashes of your Minecraft is large amounts of impulse charges detonating in unison. With the allotted 1.5 GB of RAM, the max TNT is about 500. The way to possibly sidestep is to increase the RAM allowed for Minecraft, if that is even possible for certain computers. Limit 3. Is that TNT has a 7 block detonation radius, so just making a large cannon is a waste of time. Beyond 9 charges, the TNT is wasted. However, this can be sidestepped by either adding more vertical rows of charge to your cannon, adding a condensation charge system to you cannon, or a combination of them both. Limit 4 is for vertical cannons, and is that if you make it too powerful, it will fly up too fast and far meaning it will crash your game. This can be sidestepped by decreasing the power of said cannon, or making it semi-vertical. That way you can go up and sideways.

Cannon Sizes and Special Features
The default definition of cannon size is how many TNT are in the shot or how far it fires. If you are talking about compact cannons, you might be talking about literally the size of the cannon (e.g. How much space it takes up) or if you are talking about cannons meant for mass destruction, you might be talking about the size of the shot. But usually, people mean charge mass. A small cannon, such as a 112.0MM3 Ironwall Anti-Infantry cannon, only has a very small range, and is meant for stopping large amounts of rushing players or mobs (tons of wolves) A medium cannon, such as the 116.0R4.6M2 Scorpion is meant for setting up as a first line seiger, to be set up and aimed at a target such as supplies or a wall while one has arrow cover, or to be set up as an Anti-Archer cannon. A large cannon, such as the 119.0R4.10M3 Orion is for attacking from a distance, a borderline long range mortar, an Anti-Cannon defense, a second line seiger, and many other uses such as modding for Icarus ammo or a full lobaiming cannon. A sniper cannon, such as the 119.3R4.10M6 Ares, succesor to the Orion, is for a tent line seiger, setting up to shell opponents camp when they can't even see the cannon shelling them, and other über long range tasks such as that. And of course, mass demo cannons, such as the 187.0MM6 Spread Shot Devastator*, which is used to completely multilate any defenses whatsoever.

Players also like to add features to their cannons including:
 * Multiple shots
 * Semi-automatic/fully-automatic firing and reloading
 * Condenser Charge (Another piece of TNT that explodes, pushing the Charge towards the front of the cannon to concentrate the blast.)
 * Safety features
 * Adjustable Shot Delay, which lets you change the range and trajectory of the cannon.
 * Alternative Ammo
 * Dry Cannon: Building a cannon from explosion-resistant material to simplify design, maintenance, and potentially improve firing distance (dry cannons fire farther than their wet counterparts, all other factors being the same). See Tutorials/Dry cannon for construction details.
 * Arrows as ammo
 * Cannons that fire in a special direction, such as up or diagonly.
 * Aimable cannons.
 * Spread shot/mass destruction cannons
 * Cannons with a blast shield (Even though the TNT is submerged and does not make a crater upon detonation, the player still takes damage).
 * Shotgun-like Charges

TNT-Based Condensing (a.k.a., Condenser Charge)


Because the pushing force of an explosion decreases as it gets farther from the source, TNT placed 7 blocks or more from the projectile would be have little to no effect. To remedy this problem a Condenser Charge may be used.

Condenser charges work by exploding slightly before the main charge, pushing the other primed TNTs towards the projectile.

Using a Condenser charge can increase the range of a TNT cannon by 33%. TNT condensation is still a relatively new innovation in TNT cannon technology, so this is not nearly complete.

Double-Condenser-Charge
A newer invention is the double condenser charge. As closer TNT to the shot increases in effectiveness ( for example 1 block from shot = 200 blocks range 2 blocks from shot = 170 block range), however is harder to compact, so the only way for it to work is with the double condenser charge.

The way THIS charge works, is by dropping a second piece of TNT just behind the first charge, and as the first charge explodes, the second charge and the shot is condensed, and the second charge explodes 1-3 ticks later, condensing further, giving a 55% range boost.

The current design has been made compact by its creator, MINBLEMONE, and is available to put into any cannon, however cannons with multiple loads may require revised timings.

Piston-Based Condensing
Using pistons to push the Main Charge closer to the Shot also does the same thing as a Condenser Charge, more complicated to build but more controllable. To work, the Main Charge must be primed, turning the solid TNT blocks into entities. Once they are entities, a series of pistons can push and concentrated all charges into a single block space behind the Shot. In this system, you get far more efficient power from a given size of Charge.

Example: Cannon with 18 Block Piston Charge Concentrator This cannon uses a two rows of pistons at the sides and a double pistons in the middle to concentrate 18 blocks of TNT into one spot. The TNT Charges are set off when they are pushed beside the column of redstone torches by other pistons. They then fall into the water and are push by the side pistons, putting them in a single row down the middle of the water trough. Then, a double piston extends and pushes all the blocks forward into one spot behind the Shot.

Care must be taken so that the pistons do not displace the water blocks protecting the cannon from TNT damage. To do this, one usually has to apply water a block above the area where the pistons would go into. It is also advised that the pistons should RETRACT back into normal position before the Main Charge explodes, or your cannon might be destroyed. When the pistons extend, they create air spaces in the water no matter what, hence compromising the water's protection.

Guide Blocks
Since beta 1.7 (needs confirmation) When a TNT charge is primed, it will usually shift slightly to one side. This can make a previously great cannon inaccurate. This is true with many cannons; but the solution is simple. If you add a guide block to the cannon, so that there is a wall on either side of the TNT when it is primed, it will not shift left or right, making an otherwise straight shot diagonal. If your design does not allow for this, you could just make the guide blocks one block higher, instead of being on either side of the TNT this works because TNT will jump up, then go sideways in midair. Note that in most basic cannons, Guide blocks should be transparent if the TNT cannon automatically primes the Shot-otherwise, the redstone that ignites the Charge will power the block next to the Shot, and igniting the Shot as well. If this explanation is unclear, look at this diagram:

X = Guide block O = Shot Figure: XOX

In dry cannons, a guide block is almost a necessity because dry cannons tend to be inaccurate. However, dry cannon's guides are for directing the shot to be shot accurately, not to be primed accurately. However, guides can also decrease range is they are too long. A link to Tutorials/Dry cannon

Shot Mounting Blocks
The shot mounting block for a cannon should be chosen according to how fast, far, and high you want the cannon to fire. Of course, these variables depend greatly on the position and amount of the charge and the timing of the shot, but the mounting block also can make a difference. For example, with a cannon with a charge of 5 and a delay of R4.3, the shot will take a mortar trajectory with a ladder more than with a fence post and pressure plate. A few things:
 * Even though the shot mounting blocks ladder and full block are both the same height and fire a shot at the same trajectory, the ladder will consistently fire farther than the full block because the ladder has less matter in between the shot and the charge than the full block. This situation is the same for all mounting blocks, the slab and fence post w/ pressure plate also follow the same rule.
 * There is a trade off: although the fence post and pressure plate fire the farthest, they are also expensive, while the slab is cheap and easy to get, as while as coming in many forms.
 * The maximum range for any cannon can be achieved by altering the mounting block. A TNT shot will be fired farthest if it leaves the cannon at a 30 degree angle. So, if you want to just have your cannon go the farthest it can, use the slab, Fence and Pressure plate, or Trapdoor mounting blocks. However, when faced with fortifications or terrain obstacles, the best idea would be to have a mounting block like Piston, ladder, or single block that makes the TNT arc over the said obstacle. Then again, it is fun to blast your way through things...
 * The following shot mounting blocks are tested and deemed safe. Feel free to experiment with mounting blocks, but keep in mind that some blocks, such as a lone pressure plate, will cause a mis fire of your cannon, and of course make it self destruct.

A rewrite for most of these mounting blocks is coming soon.

No Mounting Block
Pros: Highest velocity, simple, scalable

Cons: poor range in smaller cannons, downward trajectory, line-of-sight only

When no mounting block is used, the Shot is either allow to fall onto the water trough or is place on the trough directly. the Shot will fire out completely horizontal, or 0°. Gravity will quickly pulled the Shot to the ground, giving a very flat, downwards trajectory.

With small TNT charges, the range can be extremely limited. To increase the range, ever larger charges are needed or the cannon must be built higher above the ground. A larger charge means a higher velocity to the Shot, pushing the Shot farther away before it drops to the ground.

Players have been known to use up to 70 TNT charges and beyond. But economically, a cannon without a mounting block will take more TNT and longer to load for a certain range.

Single Block


Pros: Higher firing angle, can lob shots

Cons: Low velocity, reduced power and extremely poor range for smaller cannons

A single full size block such as cobblestone or obsidian is placed under the Shot. This has the effect of elevating the Shot above the water trough, so the blast force from the Charge is applied not just forward, but upwards. The shot is fired out at a high angle and trajectory. This is useful for hitting a elevated target, or one behind terrain or obstruction.

However, part of the blast force is absorbed by a solid mounting block, so the cannon will suffer similar problems of needing large charge sizes. Also, since some of the energy is expelled in the upwards direction, forward shot velocity is reduced greatly.

A better alternative to the single mounting block is using a Ladder instead.

Half Block


Pros: Smooth trajectory (not too high, not too low), average velocity, more efficient for small and medium cannons 

Cons: Slightly reduced power, not best for either straight OR lob shots, fuse range limit * 

A half block is the compromise between a single block and no mounting, and generally more efficient than either. More of a cannon's blast force is directed forward, but there is still an upward vector that raises the angle of fire to roughly 30°. As with a single block, some of the blast energy is absorbed by the block, but much less. From the same TNT load, the half block has greater range than a single block or no block.

When the TNT Shot is initially placed over a half block, it will hang over the half block as if it was a full size block. Once the TNT has been "primed", it will fall down and sit on the true height of the half block.

The firing angle produced by a half block is good for extending the range of a cannon and hitting elevated targets, but its too low for effective lobbing over high walls and obstacles. For straight direct firing, shots fired with a half block mounting generally land level on the ground within a certain range. However, due to the limited fuse time of TNT in the game, scaling up the TNT charges up to a point will result in the shot flying too high and exploding in the air before it lands or reach the cannon's maximum range. This will be refer to as the "fuse range limit * ". All cannons are limited by the fuse range limit, but cannons firing at higher angles are especially prone to the fuse limit, as the shot velocity is lower and shots reach higher altitudes.

Trap Door


Pros: (closed) Optimized for flat trajectory, velocity almost the same as no-block, (opened) can be used in open position for higher firing angle, good scaling

Cons: Be sure that priming circuit doesn't activate the trapdoor by accident.

If the firing angle of the half block is too high for your purpose, a closed Trapdoor can be used instead. Like the half block, it provides some upward force to the shot by elevating it above the trough. A trapdoor, however, is only half the height of a half block. Firing angle is roughly 15-20°, making it extremely effective for straight shots at very long range (+180 block).

Little forward velocity is lost when firing, and shot typically fly out at very high speeds. This combine with the low firing angle means cannons firing larger loads can extend their range without encountering too much fuse range problems as with the half block or ladder mounting.

NOTE: Be sure that your priming circuit for the Shot doesn't activate the trapdoor, or open/closed the Trapdoor beforehand. (inapplicable as of 1.1)

Ladder/Iron Bars/Glass Pane
Pros: Efficient with small and medium cannons, High firing angle, parabolic trajectory, good for lobbing shots and high altitude

Cons: Low horizontal speed, poor scaling, limited range at ±120 blocks

A Ladder placed on the side can serve as a very effective mounting block for firing at high angles and lobbing shots. A primed Shot will be supported by the edge thickness of the ladder, preventing it from falling into the trough. Because a Ladder is not a full size block, none of the energy from the blast is absorbed, and the shot is propelled out at full force. By adding ladders above each other, different firing angles can be achieved. Typically, a single ladder will give an angle just higher than a half block, roughly 40°-45°. Two ladders will give an extremely parabolic flight, shots fly out at about 50°-60°.

A good portion of the blast energy is directed upwards on the block, so horizontal speeds are generally much slower than a no-mount or half block mount cannon. In return, the cannon has no problem lobbing shots over terrain and walls. At larger charge loads, shots can reach very high altitudes.

However, this also means the fuse range limit is a inherent problem with this mounting. Within a 100 block distance, well built cannons level with the ground can expect to land shots low enough to cause damage. But beyond this shots explode midair way beforehand, even with a shot primed at maximum fuse time with a delay circuit. Hence, one can't simply add more TNT to increase the range, as it will only make the shot fly higher. A basic solution is to put the cannon below ground, in a pit with a slanted slope to allow the shot to fly out. Since the shot had a lower starting point, it will explode closer to the ground once its fuse time runs out. To reach ranges beyond 150 blocks, this solution becomes impractical.

Fence and Pressure Plate
"Pros: Efficient with small and medium cannons, Low firing angle, good for shooting through caves and past overhanging base defenses. High velocity, extremely powerful in spread cannons and long range cannons. "Cons: Expensive materials, can cause the cannon to self destruct if pressure plate is activated."

A fence placed at the end of the cannon tricks Minecraft to think that it is one block high, since it is only one and a half block high for the player's perspective. Therefore, the Charge would be recognized as closer to the Shot than it actually is. Since it gains more power and velocity, it appears to fly up a bit, then go down in an attack angle. This gives it a distinctive style of cannon shooting, and it is considered one of the most useful mounting blocks in Minecraft.

The only reason for the pressure plate at the end is for blocking the water. The pressure plate can be replaced by a sign. it works the same way but prevent accidentaly activating the pressure plate and destroying the cannon.

Piston


"Pros: Adjustable, when fully extended it has the same effects of a full block but is more efficient than it and is more versatile, compatible with firing sand or gravel."

"Cons: Expensive, the shot has been subject to the fuse range delay limit found in arcing cannons, is used as a mortar MB so usage inside caves or buildings is not recommended and will result in short range shots, accidentally placing two TNT blocks (One on top of the other) will destroy the cannon, requires a R4.7 delay.

The three most common ways to use this Mounting block are 1. Prime the Shot then push it up 2. Push it up and then prime the shot and 3. Just use it as a more efficient version of the full block MB.

One-Button Defensively Ranged Cannon with a Repeater used as a delay
Is a simple cannon that has a automatic delay. Used mostly for guinea pigging other, larger, prototypical cannons or as wall mounted defense against ground- based troops or artillery. Tutorials/TNT Cannons/Building the 114.0R4.4MB2

One-Button Defensively Ranged Cannon with a Minecart used as delay
Once you press the redstone emitting item, first it activates the charge wiring, then sends a minecart around the cannon that triggers a detector rail, which primes the shot. Saves redstone, but takes a lot of iron (However, if you get rails from abandoned mineshafts this design can even save you resources!). http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wA5bsZGGqqk

One-Button Defensively Ranged Cannon with a Dispenser used as delay
Once you press the redstone emitting item, first it activates the charge wiring, then shoots an item out of a dispenser that will slowly fall down through a pressure plate on a fence and burn. Saves redstone, and requires no repeaters for those survival cannon engineers, Over all, it's cheaper than the design above and normal automatic delay cannons with repeaters used as a delay. http://m.youtube.com/#/watch?client=mv-google&v=42qvgVsB9to&rdm=m5a60a4w6

Long Range Cannons
Coming soon!

Anti-Water Defense Cannon
It fuses sand and TNT together to blow up blocks covered with water. Water is the enemy of TNT cannons, and this one works around it. The link below shows the cannon at work and also a tutorial. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSHDHlCBMVk&feature=plcp

Aimable T gun
This cannon is shaped like a T; the way it works is that it drops the shot in vertically on top of a slab between 2 smaller troughs that can be filled with TNT to change the shot's horizontal launch angle. You can adjust the range by not filling the main trough all the way. Great for putting in a castle to destroy enemy artillery!

Video examples

 * Mortar High Angle Shot using a ladder mounting block.
 * Compact The Shot is primed by hand, which must now be done with flint and steel.
 * Superlarge Cannon Firing other Entities.

Extra Cannon
This cannon is very low range, but can be used to make a huge crater quickly. First, place a tower of TNT up to the highest level, then set a lava source on top. The lava should not set off any TNT. Then, just wait for the lava to reach the bottom, then fly to the top, set the top on fire, then fly down while holding right click on the center. After a few seconds, it should detonate, and TNT will be flying out in all directions while burning. When it reaches the bottom, you have a 64-block deep crater!

Trivia

 * Cannons can launch any entity, including mobs, sand, gravel, or players. Sand and gravel can be used to mark the landing spot (assuming it doesn't despawn mid-flight). Tutorials/Mechanisms is a guide to building a human- (or other entity-) launching cannon.


 * Cannons are ineffective against water based defenses since TNT doesn't destroy any blocks when submerged. See the specialty cannon above.


 * Cannons follow the South-West quirk and fire further when facing South or West.