Damage

Damage represents injury from attacks or natural causes. Players and mobs in Minecraft each have a supply of health points, which are reduced when they are injured. The player has health, but these are measured on a health gauge with 10 hearts. Thus each health point is "$1/2$ a heart", shown as. Mobs have varying numbers of health points, but these are not generally visible to players. However, when riding a tame horse/donkey/mule/pig, the player can see their mount's health, and a dog's health is visible in its tail angle.

Damage from attacks or natural causes will subtract from a player or mob's current health. When their health reaches zero, they die. Players can also recover health naturally by being well-fed, or through magical effects. Most mobs do not recover health except through magic, but horses and dogs can be healed by feeding them.

Armor will absorb some of the damage that would have been done to its wearer, but will take damage itself (to durability) in the process.

How damage is stored and displayed
Damage is recorded differently than one would expect by looking at the health gauge in game. A player is shown to have 20 health, represented as 10 hearts (each half of a heart representing . But internally, the values are actually multiplied by 10, so internally a player has 200 health, and each half of a heart represents 10 health. This can be seen in game by using a Scoreboard objective to display damage taken or dealt. This is likely done because the formula for damage is complex and can end up causing the player to do damage that would be a fraction of a health point when using potions and/or enchantments. If those values less than a full health point were ignored many weapons would do less damage than they are supposed to. For example, an attack with a fist does 10 damage, and a critical hit with the fist does 15 damage . If the partial values were ignored, there would be no difference between a normal hit and a critical hit when using a fist.

When displaying a player's health, the game will look at a player's internal health, and round that value up to the next 10 for the display health. For example, if a player has an internal health value of 191-200, the game will display it as. If the player has 181-190 internal health, the game displays it as, and so on. For example if one player hits a second player with a critical hit with the fist (15 damage), the second player's internal health becomes 185 and displayed as on their HUD. If the second player is hit by another critical hit with a fist, their internal health would be reduced by another 15 points, making it 170. Then the game will display it as on that player's HUD.

Dealing damage
Players can deal damage by hitting mobs or other players with items at close (melee) range. An "unarmed" attack only does damage, but weapons and certain tools do more:
 * Swords are crafted for this purpose. While swords do not extend attack range, they deal significantly more damage than with any other item or tool.
 * Axes, pickaxes, and shovels also deal more damage than bare fists.
 * Any other item is equivalent to fists and does the same damage. This includes hoes, and hitting something directly with a bow or held arrow.
 * While falling, melee attacks deal a critical hit (150% of the weapon's base damage before any armor, enchantments, or potion effects are applied, rounded down to the nearest hit point).

There are a few ranged weapons in the game:
 * Arrows are shot by holding and releasing right click when wielding a bow, and do damage depend on the "charge" of the bow (see below).
 * Snowballs, only inflict damage on blazes and the Ender Dragon, while eggs damage only the Ender Dragon. Both still knock mobs back as if they had been damaged.
 * Splash potions can be thrown, inflicting various effects depending on the potion.
 * Ender pearls deal damage to only the ender dragon
 * Fishing rods can be used to damage the ender dragon

A few items can be used to damage monsters indirectly:
 * The Flint and steel allows the player to light a block on fire, which causes all players and mobs that touch the fire to be set on fire (some monsters are fireproof, mostly those native to the Nether). Players and mobs that are ignited stay alight until  hit points of damage is dealt, until they touch water, or use a fire resistance potion.
 * Likewise, contact with Lava also ignites players and mobs.
 * TNT is currently the only controllable explosive in Minecraft, and can be triggered by fire, redstone currents, or another explosion.

The below values detail the damage dealt per hit using various items. Critical hits can do variable extra damage.

Below is a table of values as per 1.9.

Critical hits


'Critical hits' are attacks that deal extra damage compared to regular attacks. Critical melee strikes, regardless of the weapon used, cause small star particles to fly out of the target who was critically hit. "Critical arrows", which occur when the bow is fired fully charged, leave a trail of the same small star particles as they fly through the air. Critical hits affect all damageable entities including players, mobs, paintings, boats and minecarts.

In melee, a critical hit occurs when a player attacks a mob while falling, including while coming down from a jump, but not while jumping up. The attack deals 150% of the attack's base damage (before enchantments or armor are applied). Prior to 1.9, it can also be combined with sprinting to knock back the mob, although there is no extra knockback for a critical hit.

The requirements for a melee critical hit are:
 * The player must be falling.
 * The player must not be on the ground.
 * The player must not be on a ladder/ vine etc.
 * The player must not be in water.
 * The player must not be affected by blindness.
 * The player must not be riding an entity.
 * In 1.9, the player must not be sprinting.
 * In 1.9, the base attack must not be reduced to 84.8% damage or lower due to cooldown.

Attack cooldown
In 1.9, attacking too quickly will reduce the strength of attacks. The base damage done (as a fraction of the full possible damage) depends on the time between attacks, which is also reflected in the height of the held weapon on screen and the optional attack indicator bar:

The "attackSpeed" attribute controls the length of the cooldown time, with the time taken being  ticks. The damage multiplier is then, restricted to the range 0.2–1, where   is the number of ticks since the last attack or item switch.

Damage done by enchantments (Sharpness, Smite, and Bane of Arthropods) is also reduced, but not as severely (the multiplier is not squared):

Damage immunity
After sustaining damage from any source, a mob will turn red in color for 0.5 seconds. During this period, any other incoming damage will not be counted against the mob's total health.

For instance, if you attack a mob with a sword repeatedly hitting the mouse button, the sword's rate of fire will exceed the mob's allowable rate of incoming damage, and several of the attacks will not damage the mob even if they land. It is recommended to wait for a mob to be hittable again before swinging your sword, making your hits more precise. The tool used won't lose durability after unsuccessful attacks.

However, if a mob or player is recovering from damage and then receives higher damage, it gets counted. Players are also subject to damage immunity.

Damage inflicted by mobs
The damage mobs deal to players is affected by the difficulty of the game. The below values represent the amount of damage taken per hit.
 * This only applies to mobs attacking the player. Mobs attacking other mobs (wolves, iron golems, etc.) always deal the 'Normal' damage listed, regardless of difficulty.
 * Values for the creeper and ghast assume the player is directly adjacent to the explosion.
 * The damage of slimes and magma cubes depends on their size. Tiny-sized slimes, while hostile, are unable to do damage directly.
 * In contrast, the damage for an iron golem just has a large random factor.
 * Mobs deal no damage on peaceful, apart from the wolf.

Knockback
When receiving damage from a hostile mob you will also be knocked back, and similarly a mob will be knocked back when it is attacked. The resulting disorientation and loss of control should not be underestimated, as it is possible to be knocked back over a cliff or into lava, both of which are potentially fatal. A sprinting attack causes extra knockback. A thrown chicken egg or a snowball also causes knockback, despite not damaging most monsters. Players/Mobs riding an entity (typically a boat, a minecart, a pig or a horse) never receive any knockback when attacked.

Swords and axes deal approximately 1 extra block of knockback compared to other weapons. Swords and axes deal ~2.6 blocks of knockback whereas fists and other items deal ~1.6 blocks of knockback.

Natural damage
Besides mob attacks, players can take damage from several other sources in Minecraft.

Lightning damage
Lightning striking on or near the player will do damage, which can be reduced with armor (enchanted or not). Lightning strikes on the player are very rare, and only occur during thunderstorms. Mobs/players that get hit by lightning will be set on fire, but will be quickly put out from the rain during a thunderstorm.

Fall damage
Players receive damage when falling from excessive heights. Armor does not reduce fall damage, unless it is enchanted with Feather Falling or Protection. Fall damage is for each block fallen after the third. Thus falling 4 blocks causes damage,  damage for 5 blocks,  for 6 blocks and so forth. Assuming full health (but no Feather Falling or relevant status effects), a 23 block fall should be fatal (23 - 3 = of damage), but due to the way fall damage is calculated, a 23.5 block fall is required instead.

Mobs (other than chickens, ghasts, snow golems, blazes, magma cubes, iron golems, ocelots, bats and, presumably, the Ender dragon and wither) suffer fall damage as well.

In some cases, it is possible to avoid falling or otherwise survive a fall. Falling damage is only dealt after a height of three blocks.


 * Sneaking (default ) will prevent the player from falling off a drop of one block or greater.
 * Landing in water will prevent the player from taking fall damage.
 * Moving into a ladder or vine's area of effect during free fall will reduce vertical velocity to normal ladder descent speed and will be taken. However, the player still takes fall damage if landing on TOP of the ladder.
 * Moving into water during free fall will also reduce velocity.
 * It is dangerous, but sometimes useful, to descend cliffs by walking off a cliff while in a boat. Exit the boat before impact, and you will only take damage for the distance fallen since exiting the boat.
 * Jumping counts as falling for 1.5 blocks, therefore adding to your total fall damage, so keep this in mind when trying to avoid fall damage.
 * If falling next to a wall, emptying a bucket of water against the wall a few blocks from the ground can often save your life.
 * Wearing armor that is enchanted with feather falling or protection reduces fall damage based on the level of the enchantment.
 * Throwing an Ender pearl and teleporting will reset your velocity, and you will only take damage from the pearl . This works better if you throw the Ender pearl directly at the ground below you to guarantee the pearl hits the ground before you do.
 * Falling into a cobweb prevents all fall damage. If you place a spider web block beneath you fast enough while approaching the ground you can survive.
 * In singleplayer, exiting the game near the bottom of the fall and re-entering the world will cause fallen distance to be reset to zero, and the players will only take fall damage according to the distance they fall after they reenter the world.
 * Slime blocks negate all fall damage, but this will send you bouncing into the air. To avoid bouncing, hold when you land (but do not hold, as this will cause full fall damage).
 * In 1.9, hay bales decrease fall damage to 20% of normal.

Drowning


When a player runs out of air underwater, they will start drowning and will take approximately /sec. Mobs can drown as well, though they usually do not, as all mobs (besides iron golems) attempt to swim upward when in water. Squid will die in air instead of in water, and iron golems and guardians will not drown at all.

While mining, consider keeping at least one placeable solid block ready somewhere on your toolbar (such as dirt or cobblestone) for quick access. If you mine into a spring (or worse, the ocean), you should be able to place the block in the hole to prevent drowning.

If you place a torch on a vertical surface next to you at head height whilst underwater, you create an air bubble which lasts for the split second it takes the water to destroy the torch, thus refilling your oxygen meter without resurfacing. Ladders, signs, fences, trapdoors, doors and sugar cane can create permanent air bubbles underwater. You can also scoop up some water with a bucket to achieve the same effect, or destroy the block directly above you, if there is one.

In Pocket Edition 0.8.0, the player actually has 11 air bubbles but once submerged, the 11th bubble instantly disappears.

Anvil
A falling anvil deals per block fallen after the first (e.g., an anvil that falls 4 blocks will deal  damage). The damage is capped at, no matter how far the anvil falls. Wearing a helmet will reduce the damage by 25%, but this costs durability on said helmet.

Thorns Enchantment
When a player or mob deals melee or projectile damage to a player or mob that is wearing Thorns-enchanted armor, the attacker will also be damaged. The amount changes with the enchant level. ( (Level * 15)% chance of inflicting - damage, or Level - 10 damage if level is over 10)

Suffocation
Suffocation happens when a player or a mob is unable to breathe because its head is inside of a opaque block. They will lose every half-second (10 ticks). When inside a block, the player can easily step out of it as the blocks do not prevent their movement.

The player's screen will be a darkened form of which the block the player is suffocating. When the player is in third person mode, the view will automatically switch to first person mode.

The usual ways to get one's head inside a block are: It's worth noting that the player will not suffocate in any transparent block.
 * Sand or gravel falling into the space the player or mob occupies.
 * Riding a pig, boat or minecart or throwing an Ender pearl into a one-block-high space.
 * Riding a horse into a two-block-high space.
 * Standing where a tree just grew from a sapling, or where a huge mushroom just grew from a mushroom.
 * Standing where an Exit Portal just spawned after killing the Ender dragon.
 * Having a solid block pushed into your head with a piston.
 * Sleeping in a bed that is surrounded by blocks and/or has a solid block above it.
 * Being teleported or filled into a block via commands.
 * When playing on a distant server, sometimes broken blocks can reappear because of lag, and if the player moves where the block respawned, it can provoke suffocation (for example, chopping down a tree by moving right below the trunk).
 * When water meets lava, or vice versa, and creates a cobblestone/obsidian/stone block on the upper half of the mob.
 * Standing where a world border getting into more than 5 blocks.

Starvation
When the food bar reaches zero, the player will take damage every four seconds. It also shakes indicating you are hungry. The player stops taking starvation damage when the player eats or the health bar drops to on easy mode or  on normal mode. In hard/hardcore mode, the damage will not stop until the player either dies, or eats something.

Cactus contact
Mobs/players take damage every half-second that they are touching a cactus.

Lava
By far the most dangerous natural occurrence, except for the unlikely case of falling into the void. Players and mobs will take damage from contact with lava at a rate of every half-second, and stay on fire even if they exit it, causing  point per hit for 15 hits or more ( total damage) unless extinguished with water.

While mining, consider keeping at least one placeable solid block ready somewhere on your toolbar (such as dirt or cobblestone) for quick access using your mouse wheel. If you mine into a lava pool, you may be able to place the block in the hole and so prevent burning. It is possible to keep a Fire Resistance potion at all times so you can prevent from dying in lava, because if you fall in the lava and act fast enough, you will be able to use the potion in time. If you're not fast enough, or have not enough health to resist the damage while drinking the potion, try using a splash potion of Fire Resistance. Or just use a bucket of water (although this doesn't help you in the Nether).

Poison
Cave spiders will poison players when they bite (only in normal and hard difficulty). Eating a spider eye, poisonous potato, or pufferfish; or drinking/being hit by a potion of poison will give the same result. While poisoned, the hearts in the health meter turn from red to an olive green and the player takes  each 25 ticks (1.25 seconds) until the poison wears off. The poison itself cannot kill the player, but it can reduce them to, thus leaving them very vulnerable to damage from other sources. Poison can be cured by drinking milk from a bucket.

Wither Effect
Withers and wither skeletons will inflict the effect with their attacks. (The wither boss's skulls do not inflict the effect on easy difficulty.) This will darken your health bar to, while inflicting damage over time. The effect deals every 2 seconds (40 ticks) for the wither skeleton's attack (level I), and every second (20 ticks) for the Wither boss's skulls. Unlike poison, withering can kill you directly, and the darkened healthbar makes it harder to keep track of the damage, since the color black closely resembles empty hearts. (Note that if the blackened heart texture has a white spot on the top left, it means that the corresponding health is not lost; if the blackened heart texture has no spot, that health has been lost. And hardcore health bar is easier to observe).

The Void
If one were to break through the bedrock barrier found at the bottom of worlds, the Void can be seen. Players in the Void below height -64 will take damage at a rate of about per half-second (or  per second). You will usually die from falling in the Void, even in creative mode, but the player may be saved by throwing an Ender pearl before they fall below y = -64.

Falling into the void in the End is more likely, so players must be cautious when entering the End.

By ing yourself with regeneration 8+ or instant health you can fall infinitely into the void without dying.

Trivia

 * Critical hits can be done while reflecting a ghast's fireball, but won't change the damage or speed of it.
 * In Creative mode, attacking a mob while flying after having descended will score a critical hit.
 * When attacking something with a Melee object (Fists, Swords, etc.), there is a brief cooldown before it can be hurt again. Having a Regeneration IV (4) Potion Effect however, seems to remove the cooldown, as the Player/Mob can be hit more often.
 * When a player dies, the player has the same falling-over death animation as all other mobs. This can be seen by being in third-person mode upon death, having your inventory open upon death, or witnessing the death of another player in multiplayer.
 * The maximum damage capable by a player would be a bit larger than 10 trillion. you can achieve 10 trillion damage by using special commands to give yourself a sword (It actually doesn't matter if its diamond) with the maximum level of sharpness and smite (Which would be level 32767), putting the largest number possible for the damage attribute (2147483647.999999999), using custom potions to give yourself level 127 strength and -128 weakness, giving a skeleton level -128 resistance, and lastly, getting a critical hit on the skeleton you put negative resistance on.
 * You can quit the game to prevent some damage ( fall etc.) because it will reset the fall damage that will be dealt to you.
 * Maximum damage dealable by player in survival as of 1.9 would be around 22.5 HP - 9(*1.5 with critical hit) from diamond axe or fully charged bow + 3 damage from Sharpness V/Power V and + 6 from Strength II potion. This is more than enough to one hit unarmored person and kill unenchanted diamond armored person in 2 hits. Diamond armor has 20 defense points, so you will take 15.9 HP of damage. Full set of Protection IV armor can reduce it to 7.4 HP. So effective defense of diamond armor is 67% at highest damage dealt down from ~90% before 1.9.
 * If the player manages to install 64-bit Java, the number 2147483647.999999999 is not maximum anymore. If you type 92232234424332334224223423342211000000000000000000000000000212223230000000000000000000322 42233223000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000010000000000000000022010021121011245454121010154120151111200000000000000050000.9999, then attribute number is                 ∞ (infinity) as the text will say '+  ∞ Attack Damage'. With such a damage dealt, the player can easily kill Mobs with resistance 255, and a very large amount of Absorption (Which is infinite health).
 * With all possible reductions to fall damage currently available in survival 1.9 (landing on a Hay Bale, Feather Falling IV boots, protection IV on other armor pieces, and resistance II from a beacon) the maximum height you can fall while surviving without absorption is a little over 800 blocks.