Splash Potion

Splash Potions are a variant of Potion which may be thrown as a weapon. The player can turn any brewable potion into a Splash Potion by mixing one with Gunpowder. Their flask has a different shape than the original, resembling more of a Retort-type flask. Not only can the player throw these potions, but they can also be released from Dispensers. They can affect both passive and hostile mobs. This gives purpose to negative potions as weapons against enemies, although some are immune to certain effects. Positive potions can be used to help, such as on wolves or livestock to recover their health. Splash potions can be thrown to the ground to be consumed making it faster than drinking a regular potion.

History
Splash Potions were introduced in Beta 1.9 Pre-release 4.

Brewing
For ingredients that go into Potions, Splash Potions, and known Potion recipes see Brewing. According to Jeb there were 161 possible potion combinations in Beta 1.9 Pre-release 3, and there may be 2,653 potions later.

Mob Effects
Splash Potions can have varying effects depending on what they are used on versus what they actually are.

Effects on Inflicted Damage
There are three splash potions which affect the inflicted damage of a few mobs. Namely: Weakness, Strength and Strength II. Their effect also differs by difficulty.

Cave Spiders will not poison players in normal or hard difficulty when they have been hit by a weakness splash potion, since they can not deal any damage.

In general the Weakness splash potion lowers the attack damage by: The Strength splash potion increases the attack damage by: The Strength II splash potion increases the attack damage by:
 * in easy difficulty
 * in normal difficulty
 * in hard difficulty
 * or in easy difficulty
 * in normal difficulty
 * or in hard difficulty
 * in easy difficulty
 * in normal difficulty
 * in hard difficulty

Splash Potions
Here is a full list of the names, effects, and damage values of splash potions that are currently obtainable through Brewing. Note, that the base duration of splash potion is always ¾ the duration of corresponding drinkable potion.

Unbrewable splash potions
This class of splash potions exist in the game code and are functional, but cannot be brewed. This seems to exist primarily as potions that have both an extended mode and empowered mode, but the brewing process normally only allows for one of the two to take precedence. Thus, these potions result from custom data values that place both effects on the potion.

Damage Value Table
(r) = Reverted Potion

Bit 14 (8192) and 15 (16384) determine whether the potion is a drinkable potion or a splash potion. If bit 14 is true and 15 false, it's drinkable. If 14 is false and 15 true, it's a splash potion. If bit 6 (32) is true, the potion is a level II potion (or, in some cases, a reverted potion). If bit 7 (64) is true, the potion is an extended potion (or, in some cases, a reverted potion). Potions with bit 6 and 7 set to 1 cannot legitimately be obtained, thus, there are no legitimate potions that are both extended and level II. Bits 1-4 (1, 2, 4 and 8) determine the potion effect. The highest legitimately available is currently 12decimal = 1100binary.

Potion Jump
By simultaneously throwing a Potion with the Instant Harm effect and jumping, the player will be able to jump 2 blocks high instead of the usual 1. Try to face backwards to the area you wish to land on when doing this. It is recommended that you use a Potion of Regeneration in addition to prevent death.
 * Video Example

This happens because when a mob or player receives damage, they get a knockback. This knockback creates some vertical momentum. This is the momentum that is used to boost a jump.

Trivia
This is due to a glitch in the game's code. Note that the /give command is required to achieve this.
 * The effects of Splash potions travel roughly five blocks from the place it lands, the duration shortening the further away an entity is from the center. For potions that have no time parameter (i.e. Potion of Healing, Harming) the effect is weakened instead.
 * Splash Effect Potions will affect the player if they are within its radius. This can be dangerous with harmful potions, but useful with positive potions; a group of players clustered together can all benefit from the effects of a single potion, depending on their distance from the center.
 * Splash potions can do minor explosive pushing damage, although this does not seem to harm Creepers and Skeletons in Creative Mode.
 * Jeb has said that while water splash potions should logically harm Endermen and Blazes, its coding would be more difficult to implement than is worth while.
 * Splash effects are slightly less than expected. Standing against a block at eye-level and hitting it with a potion gives you the longest duration, as opposed to straight down.
 * Splash Potions of Poison will affect other players even on non-PvP multiplayer servers.
 * Splash potions of harming are very effective in PvP as they bypass non-enchanted armor.
 * If Endermen are targeted directly by a splash potion, they tend to teleport away before the potion can take effect. However, if they are caught in the splash radius of a potion not aimed at them, they will be affected.
 * Splash potions of slowness have no effect on running farm animals (cows, chickens, pigs, sheep)
 * By adding 16384 to the Damage value to the 3 base potions, (Thick, Mundane ext., and Awkward, which do not have legitimate splash variants) it is possible to obtain Splash versions of said potions.