Biome

Biomes are regions in a world with varying geographical features, flora, heights, temperatures, humidity ratings, and sky and foliage colors. Biomes separate every generated world into different environments, such as forests, jungles, deserts, and taigas.

Temperature
Biomes have a temperature value that determines if it snows, rains, or does not have either kind of precipitation. The required temperature values are less than 0.15 for snow, 0.15 – 0.95 for rain, or at least 1 for neither. The temperature also drops 0.0016 ($1/625$) per meter above the default sea level (Y=64), but does not change below sea level. These values can be used to determine the heights that snow generates at in different biomes. For example, mountains generate snow at Y=95, due to their highland climate, as their temperature value is 0.2. The temperature affects only the transition from rain to snowfall. Dry biomes do not transition to rainy ones under any circumstance. For example, savannas do not experience rain or snow due to their heat.

Biomes are split into 5 categories based on their temperature: snow-covered, cold, temperate/lush, dry/warm, and neutral. They are almost always separated during terrain generation to prevent biomes with huge temperature differences being placed side-by-side (such as a snowy taiga next to a desert), and to allow biomes with similar temperatures to be placed next to each other more often (such as forests and swamps).

Generation
While biomes are still split into 5 categories, generation of biomes between 1.7 and the current version differs somewhat from the biome categories described below. In general, land biomes generate in 3 different clusters: cold, dry, and green biomes. Green biomes are often larger and more continuous than the other types. Cold and dry biomes generate in smaller clusters, but can still extend a thousand or more blocks. Cold biomes include the snow-covered Snowy Tundra and Snowy Taiga. Dry biomes consist of Savannah, Plains, and Desert. Green biomes consist of Swamp, Plains, Dark Forest, Birch Forest, Forest, Taiga, and Mountains. Plains biomes are somewhat unusual in that they generate in both green and dry biome clusters.

However, in the source code, green biomes are further subdivided into temperate green biomes and lush green biomes. Temperate green biomes include Mountains, Taiga, Forest, and Plains. Lush green biomes include Birch Forest, Dark Forest, Forest, Plains, Swamp, and Mountains. The only way to differentiate between these two climates is by noting whether there are areas of Taiga or areas of Birch Forest, Dark Forest, and Swamps. Forest, Mountains, and Plains generate in both of these climates.

In snowy climates, Snowy Tundra are weighed 3 times more versus Snowy Taiga, meaning Snowy Taiga is much rarer than Snowy Tundra. In dry climates, Deserts are weighed 3 times, Savanna 2 times, and Plains only once, meaning in dry climates, Deserts are more common than Savannas, and Plains are rarer than Savannas.

During the biome edge stage of biome generation, portions of some biomes can be overwritten and replaced by different ones. This generally occurs in areas where two nearby biomes would create a strange and contrasting border. Plains biomes can overwrite Swamps if the Swamps border snowy areas or Deserts. Jungle Edge biomes overwrite Swamps if Jungles border Swamps. If Snowy Tundra borders Deserts, a Wooded Mountains biome overwrites the Snowy Tundra.

Taigas that surround Giant Tree Taigas are generated in the Biome-Edge layer stage, however Jungle Edges and Deserts that surround Jungles and Badlands are generated in the stage where shores and beaches are generated. As such, the latter two biome edges cannot generate modified biome variants, but modified biomes can take over any biome edges within the biome edge generation.

Snowy, Temperate Green, Lush Green, and dry biome clusters, as well as Mushroom Fields, Jungles, Giant Tree Taigas, Oceans and Deep Oceans, are generated and pre-determined in the biome climate stage of biome generation. The biome clusters then generate their respective biomes.

Four land biomes are rarer, and generate separately from biome clusters: Mushroom Fields, Badlands, Jungles, and Giant Tree Taigas. Mushroom Fields generate in Ocean biomes, Badlands in dry biomes, and Jungle and Giant Tree Taigas generate in green biomes. These three land biomes may also occasionally generate standalone separate from their parent biome clusters. In addition, an "edge" variant biome surrounds these three biomes. Jungle Edges separate Jungles from most other land biomes aside from regular Forest or Taiga (if bordering a Swamp the Jungle edge extends up to 3 chunks), and Desert separates Badlands from the rest of the land biomes except with Modified Badlands. Taiga and its variants surround Giant Tree Taiga in all cases except for Snowy Taiga. The generation of Mushroom Fields uses Mushroom Fields Shore as its "technical" river biome and beach biome, but if a Deep Ocean touches a Mushroom Field biome then the Mushroom Field Shore biome doesn't generate.

The generation of Hill biomes and Modified biomes is done together when pasted onto the main biome types. The dense Dark Forest uses Plains as its Hill biome, forming glades. Plains generate groves of Forest, Forest Hills, or Flower Forest. Ocean biomes may have spots of Deep Ocean biomes within it, while Deep Ocean biomes generate sparse islands with Mushroom Fields, Plains or Forest. Note Mushroom Fields locations are pre-determined in the biome climate stage of biome generation. In the Badlands, the Badlands Plateau is the actual main biome generated with the regular badlands as the Hills biome. However, the non-plateaued badlands biome generates on the edges of all types of plateaued badlands. In the case of Modified Hills, if a biome type doesn't have a Modified Hills biome, such as warm ocean or Swampland, only the regular biome type generates. Since 1.13, Modified biomes can conform to an entire biome or can border a river.

Rivers and beaches simply overwrite the land biome entirely during generation.

The temperature of Ocean biomes is done completely separately from the land biome generation, meaning it is possible for a frozen ocean to generate next to a badlands biome. This was done in order to not have to change land biome generation in its entirety.

$$, the possible shapes of biomes can use only the first 24 bits of the 64-bit world seed, and biome shapes within a world seed can repeat beginning around blocks from 0,0. Biomes are sampled in 4 by 4 block segments, as such, the biome generation algorithm overflows at blocks, biomes can repeat every  blocks. Scaling the biome size down causes beaches and edge biomes to disappear as biomes are sampled in 4 by 4 block segments.

With using 32-bit seeds and a different world generation algorithm, there are few similarities between it and the 64-bit world generation. The positions of Mutated biomes, oceans (and islands), rare biomes (Jungles, Badlands, Mushroom Fields, Giant Tree Taiga), as well as specific biomes in cold, temperate green, or dry biome clusters, bear some geographical relationship with the equivalent positive value seed of the 64-bit generation. The biome shapes deviate significantly. The specific generation of lush green biomes is completely different on Bedrock.

Biome types
$$, currently, there are 67 Overworld biomes, 5 Nether biomes, 5 End biomes, and 2 unused biomes, with a total of 79 different biomes. $$, however, there are 66 Overworld biomes, 5 Nether biomes, 1 End biome, and 3 unused biomes, with a total of 75. Biomes can be distinguished by the grass, and leaf colors (water color also differ between biomes in the biome, along with the types of blocks present (e.g. types of trees or other plants like cacti, sand coverage in deserts)). Biomes are pseudo-randomly generated using the map seed.

Biomes are separated into 6 temperature classes. The snowy ones have their temperature listed in purple, cold in green , temperate/lush in orange , dry/warm in red , and the end in blue. The biomes of either neutral or unknown temperature have no temperature class. Temperatures are given at sea level.

Snowy biomes
In these biomes, it always snows instead of rains, no matter the height; all sources of water exposed to the sky are frozen over. The foliage and grass is aqua, and the water is purple.

Cold biomes
In these biomes, it begins to snow above y=90 in mountains and stone shore, above y=120 in taiga and giant spruce taiga, and above y=150 in giant tree taiga. Otherwise, it rains. Foliage is aqua as in snowy biomes, with the water being indigo.

Temperate/Lush biomes
In these verdant biomes, it begins snowing over the 256 block height limit, snow does not generate naturally. Otherwise, it rains. The foliage and grass is a vibrant light green, except for swamps and dark forests, which have dark green grass. Rivers and birch forests are also exempt from this, as they have a dull aqua hue. The water is blue in this biome.

The End biomes
The End is considered a different dimension. The water is lilac .[Bedrock Edition only]

Dry/Warm biomes
In these biomes, it neither rains nor snows at all, but the sky still turns overcast during inclement weather. The foliage and grass is an olive tone, except badlands biomes, which have brown grass. The water is light blue. As in jungle biomes, the sky becomes lighter. Additionally, a snow golem spawned or brought into one of these biomes melts unless it has the Fire Resistance effect.

Nether biomes
Like the End, the Nether is a different dimension. All biomes in this dimension are dry and it is not possible to place water in these dimensions, though ice can still be placed.

Ocean biomes
Oceans are large, open biomes made entirely of water going up to y=63, with underwater relief on the sea floor, such as small mountains and plains, usually including gravel. Oceans typically extend under 3,000 blocks in any direction; around 60% of the Overworld's surface is covered in ocean. Small islands with infrequent vegetation can be found in oceans. Passive mobs sometimes can spawn on these islands, as hostiles can. Squid spawn frequently in the water. Underwater cave entrances can be found frequently at the bottom of the ocean.

Unused biomes
These biomes don't generate in default worlds.

Removed biomes
These biomes no longer generate in current versions of the game.

Biome colors


The temperature and rainfall values of a biome are used when determining the colors of a small selection of blocks: grass, grass blocks, some leaves, vines, sugar cane, and other features such as water and the sky. Blocks such as mossy cobblestone, mossy stone bricks and the stems of flowers are not affected by biome coloration.

A biome's rainfall value is typically a value from 0.0 to 1.0, and - as stated above - a biome's temperature starts at a given value at sea level (e.g. 2.0 for Desert or -0.5 for Snowy Taiga) and decreases by 0.00166667 for each meter above sea level.

Biome grass and foliage colors are selected from two 256&times;256 colormap images: grass.png and foliage.png. Both colormaps, shown to the right, can be found in. The grass.png colormap sets the colors for the grass block top and sides (along with other types of grass, such as tall grass, ferns, double tall grass, etc.). Meanwhile, the foliage.png colormap sets the colors for tree leaves (with the exception of spruce and birch).

Biome colormaps use a triangular gradient by default. However, only the colors in the lower-left half of the image are used, even though the upper-right side of foliage.png is colored. Furthermore, as shown in the template image to the left, a select few pixels are considered when the colormap is read by the game, and are determined by the code below.

The adjusted temperature and adjusted rainfall values (recognized as AdjTemp and AdjRainfall in the code, respectively) are used when determining the biome color to select from the colormap. Treating the bottom-right corner of the colormap as  and , the adjusted temperature increases to 1.0 along the X-axis, and the adjusted rainfall increases to 1.0 along the Y-axis. The values used to retrieve the colors are computed as follows:

AdjTemp = clamp( Temperature, 0.0, 1.0 ) AdjRainfall = clamp( Rainfall, 0.0, 1.0 ) * AdjTemp

"clamp" limits the range of the temperature and rainfall to 0.0-1.0. The clamped rainfall value is then multiplied by the 0.0-1.0 adjusted temperature value, bringing its value to be inside the lower left triangle. Some biomes' ranges are shown in the template above; the multiplication makes all the line segments point toward the lower right corner.

At borders between or among biomes, the colors of the block and its eight neighbors are computed and the average is used for the final block color.

The exact temperature and rainfall values for biomes can be found in various projects, e.g. this biome code.

Hard-coded colors
Certain biome colors are hard-coded, which means they are locked into the Minecraft code and are not retrievable from any texture file. Thus, they cannot be modified without the use of external tools, such as MCPatcher/OptiFine, that support the use of custom colormaps.

Swamp color
Swamp temperature, which starts at 0.8, is not affected by altitude. Rather, a Perlin noise function is used to gradually vary the temperature of the swamp. When this temperature goes below -0.1, a lush green color is used ( 0x4C763C ) otherwise it is set to a sickly brown ( 0x6A7039 ). In addition, the color of the water in swamps is always multiplied by a faint green tinge ( 0xE0FFAE ).

Dark forest color
The dark forest biomes' grass color is retrieved normally, then averaged with a dark green color ( 0x28340A ) to produce the final color.

Badlands color


All badlands biomes' grass and foliage have hard-coded colors, which are two tan colors ( 0x90814D and 0x9E814D respectively). These are not modifiable by grass.png and foliage.png, and are unaffected by temperature.

Other colors
Several other biome colors are set into the game and currently require external tools in order to be changed. This includes blocks such as birch and spruce leaves and water (which have a hard-coded overlay set onto them), and other features such as the sky and fog.

Trivia

 * The term biome is analogous to its scientific usage: in real life, a biome is climatically and geographically defined by distinctive communities of plants, animals and soil organisms supported by similar climatic conditions. They are often referred to as ecosystems.
 * Most biomes in the Overworld are based on real world counterparts. Mushroom Fields, Roofed Forest/Dark Forest, and Swamp biomes (and their variants) parallel real world biomes except for the addition of giant mushrooms, which don't exist in reality. Biomes in the Nether and The End obviously don't exist either.
 * It is possible for biomes to be a single block in size.