Hoe

Hoes are tools used to till dirt and grass blocks into farmland, as well as quickly harvest certain blocks.

Unit repair
A hoe can be repaired in an anvil by adding units of the tiers' repair material, with each repair material restoring 25% of the hoe's maximum durability, rounded down.

Trading
Novice-level toolsmith villagers have a chance to sell a stone hoe for one emerald, and journeyman-level toolsmiths have a chance to sell a diamond hoe for 4 emeralds. $$, these are 25% chances, and $$, these are 40% chances.

Tilling
Hoes are used to turn dirt, grass blocks and grass paths into farmland. To till, press on a grass or dirt block while holding a hoe. This does not work on mycelium or podzol, nor does it work if there are other blocks on top of the targeted blocks, including snow layers.

Hoes can be used to convert coarse dirt into regular dirt by pressing on the coarse dirt.

Tilling is effectively instantaneous, regardless of material, and uses 1 durability. Breaking blocks with a hoe uses 0 durability.

Hoes are intentionally designed to not be able to work on blocks with a plant on top, even if said plant could normally be placed on top of farmland with no ill effects to the block.

Harvesting
Hoes also function as effective sickles or scythes, and can be used to harvest the following predominantly plant-based blocks more quickly. Breaking one of these blocks takes 1 durability.

Breaking any other block takes 0 durability if said block breaks instantly when broken by hand, or 1 otherwise.

Weapon
Hoes may be used as a weapon, although they deal only damage $$ or  damage $$, no more than hitting while barehanded. Hoes use 1 durability when used as a weapon.

$$, hoes have an attack speed modifier depending on the material: wood and gold have a modifier of -3 (refill in 1s), stone has a modifier of -2 (refill in 0.5s), iron has a modifier of -1 (refill in 0.33s), and diamond and netherite has a modifier of 0 (refill in 0.25s).

Hoes always attack instantly $$.

Enchantments
A hoe can receive the following enchantments and curses:

Fuel
Wooden hoes can be used as a fuel in furnaces, smelting 1 item per hoe.

Trivia

 * Tilling a dirt block, which has a dirt block on top of it, changes it to farmland even though it cannot be used. If a hoe is used on a block horizontally adjacent to such a block, the first block reverts to dirt and the selected block is not tilled.
 * When a hoe breaks, it does not display the tool breaking animation like on other tools, since tilling is not predicted client-side.
 * in Bedrock edition, it is still possible to obtain Netherite hoes via bartering.